1894 lines
87 KiB
HTML
1894 lines
87 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en">
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<head>
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<meta charset="UTF-8"/>
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<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"/>
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<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/>
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<meta name="generator" content="Asciidoctor 2.0.23"/>
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<title>git-pull(1)</title>
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,300italic,400,400italic,600,600italic%7CNoto+Serif:400,400italic,700,700italic%7CDroid+Sans+Mono:400,700"/>
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<style>
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/*! Asciidoctor default stylesheet | MIT License | https://asciidoctor.org */
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/* Uncomment the following line when using as a custom stylesheet */
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/* @import "https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,300italic,400,400italic,600,600italic%7CNoto+Serif:400,400italic,700,700italic%7CDroid+Sans+Mono:400,700"; */
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</head>
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<body class="manpage">
|
|
<div id="header">
|
|
<h1>git-pull(1) Manual Page</h1>
|
|
<h2 id="_name">NAME</h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<p>git-pull - Fetch from and integrate with another repository or a local branch</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div id="content">
|
|
<div class="sect1">
|
|
<h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<div class="verseblock">
|
|
<pre class="content"><em>git pull</em> [<options>] [<repository> [<refspec>…​]]</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sect1">
|
|
<h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Incorporates changes from a remote repository into the current branch.
|
|
If the current branch is behind the remote, then by default it will
|
|
fast-forward the current branch to match the remote. If the current
|
|
branch and the remote have diverged, the user needs to specify how to
|
|
reconcile the divergent branches with <code>--rebase</code> or <code>--no-rebase</code> (or
|
|
the corresponding configuration option in <code>pull.rebase</code>).</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>More precisely, <code>git</code> <code>pull</code> runs <code>git</code> <code>fetch</code> with the given parameters
|
|
and then depending on configuration options or command line flags,
|
|
will call either <code>git</code> <code>rebase</code> or <code>git</code> <code>merge</code> to reconcile diverging
|
|
branches.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p><repository> should be the name of a remote repository as
|
|
passed to <a href="git-fetch.html">git-fetch(1)</a>. <refspec> can name an
|
|
arbitrary remote ref (for example, the name of a tag) or even
|
|
a collection of refs with corresponding remote-tracking branches
|
|
(e.g., refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*),
|
|
but usually it is the name of a branch in the remote repository.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Default values for <repository> and <branch> are read from the
|
|
"remote" and "merge" configuration for the current branch
|
|
as set by <a href="git-branch.html">git-branch(1)</a> <code>--track</code>.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Assume the following history exists and the current branch is
|
|
"<code>master</code>":</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre> A---B---C master on origin
|
|
/
|
|
D---E---F---G master
|
|
^
|
|
origin/master in your repository</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Then "<code>git</code> <code>pull</code>" will fetch and replay the changes from the remote
|
|
<code>master</code> branch since it diverged from the local <code>master</code> (i.e., <code>E</code>)
|
|
until its current commit (<code>C</code>) on top of <code>master</code> and record the
|
|
result in a new commit along with the names of the two parent commits
|
|
and a log message from the user describing the changes.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre> A---B---C origin/master
|
|
/ \
|
|
D---E---F---G---H master</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>See <a href="git-merge.html">git-merge(1)</a> for details, including how conflicts
|
|
are presented and handled.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>In Git 1.7.0 or later, to cancel a conflicting merge, use
|
|
<code>git</code> <code>reset</code> <code>--merge</code>. <strong>Warning</strong>: In older versions of Git, running <em>git pull</em>
|
|
with uncommitted changes is discouraged: while possible, it leaves you
|
|
in a state that may be hard to back out of in the case of a conflict.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>If any of the remote changes overlap with local uncommitted changes,
|
|
the merge will be automatically canceled and the work tree untouched.
|
|
It is generally best to get any local changes in working order before
|
|
pulling or stash them away with <a href="git-stash.html">git-stash(1)</a>.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sect1">
|
|
<h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<div class="dlist">
|
|
<dl>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">-q</dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--quiet</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>This is passed to both underlying git-fetch to squelch reporting of
|
|
during transfer, and underlying git-merge to squelch output during
|
|
merging.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">-v</dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--verbose</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Pass --verbose to git-fetch and git-merge.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--[no-]recurse-submodules[=(yes|on-demand|no)]</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>This option controls if new commits of populated submodules should
|
|
be fetched, and if the working trees of active submodules should be
|
|
updated, too (see <a href="git-fetch.html">git-fetch(1)</a>, <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> and
|
|
<a href="gitmodules.html">gitmodules(5)</a>).</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>If the checkout is done via rebase, local submodule commits are rebased as well.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>If the update is done via merge, the submodule conflicts are resolved and checked out.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sect2">
|
|
<h3 id="_options_related_to_merging">Options related to merging</h3>
|
|
<div class="dlist">
|
|
<dl>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--commit</dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--no-commit</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Perform the merge and commit the result. This option can
|
|
be used to override --no-commit.
|
|
Only useful when merging.</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>With --no-commit perform the merge and stop just before creating
|
|
a merge commit, to give the user a chance to inspect and further
|
|
tweak the merge result before committing.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Note that fast-forward updates do not create a merge commit and
|
|
therefore there is no way to stop those merges with --no-commit.
|
|
Thus, if you want to ensure your branch is not changed or updated
|
|
by the merge command, use --no-ff with --no-commit.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--edit</dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">-e</dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--no-edit</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Invoke an editor before committing successful mechanical merge to
|
|
further edit the auto-generated merge message, so that the user
|
|
can explain and justify the merge. The <code>--no-edit</code> option can be
|
|
used to accept the auto-generated message (this is generally
|
|
discouraged).</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Older scripts may depend on the historical behaviour of not allowing the
|
|
user to edit the merge log message. They will see an editor opened when
|
|
they run <code>git</code> <code>merge</code>. To make it easier to adjust such scripts to the
|
|
updated behaviour, the environment variable <code>GIT_MERGE_AUTOEDIT</code> can be
|
|
set to <code>no</code> at the beginning of them.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--cleanup=<mode></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>This option determines how the merge message will be cleaned up before
|
|
committing. See <a href="git-commit.html">git-commit(1)</a> for more details. In addition, if
|
|
the <em><mode></em> is given a value of <code>scissors</code>, scissors will be appended
|
|
to <code>MERGE_MSG</code> before being passed on to the commit machinery in the
|
|
case of a merge conflict.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--ff-only</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Only update to the new history if there is no divergent local
|
|
history. This is the default when no method for reconciling
|
|
divergent histories is provided (via the --rebase=* flags).</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--ff</dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--no-ff</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>When merging rather than rebasing, specifies how a merge is
|
|
handled when the merged-in history is already a descendant of
|
|
the current history. If merging is requested, <code>--ff</code> is the
|
|
default unless merging an annotated (and possibly signed) tag
|
|
that is not stored in its natural place in the <code>refs/tags/</code>
|
|
hierarchy, in which case <code>--no-ff</code> is assumed.</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>With <code>--ff</code>, when possible resolve the merge as a fast-forward (only
|
|
update the branch pointer to match the merged branch; do not create a
|
|
merge commit). When not possible (when the merged-in history is not a
|
|
descendant of the current history), create a merge commit.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>With <code>--no-ff</code>, create a merge commit in all cases, even when the merge
|
|
could instead be resolved as a fast-forward.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">-S[<keyid>]</dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--gpg-sign[=<keyid>]</dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--no-gpg-sign</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>GPG-sign the resulting merge commit. The <code>keyid</code> argument is
|
|
optional and defaults to the committer identity; if specified,
|
|
it must be stuck to the option without a space. <code>--no-gpg-sign</code>
|
|
is useful to countermand both <code>commit.gpgSign</code> configuration variable,
|
|
and earlier <code>--gpg-sign</code>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--log[=<n>]</dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--no-log</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>In addition to branch names, populate the log message with
|
|
one-line descriptions from at most <n> actual commits that are being
|
|
merged. See also <a href="git-fmt-merge-msg.html">git-fmt-merge-msg(1)</a>.
|
|
Only useful when merging.</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>With --no-log do not list one-line descriptions from the
|
|
actual commits being merged.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--signoff</code></dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--no-signoff</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Add a <code>Signed-off-by</code> trailer by the committer at the end of the commit
|
|
log message. The meaning of a signoff depends on the project
|
|
to which you’re committing. For example, it may certify that
|
|
the committer has the rights to submit the work under the
|
|
project’s license or agrees to some contributor representation,
|
|
such as a Developer Certificate of Origin.
|
|
(See <a href="https://developercertificate.org" class="bare">https://developercertificate.org</a> for the one used by the
|
|
Linux kernel and Git projects.) Consult the documentation or
|
|
leadership of the project to which you’re contributing to
|
|
understand how the signoffs are used in that project.</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>The <code>--no-signoff</code> option can be used to countermand an earlier <code>--signoff</code>
|
|
option on the command line.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--stat</dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">-n</dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--no-stat</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Show a diffstat at the end of the merge. The diffstat is also
|
|
controlled by the configuration option merge.stat.</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>With -n or --no-stat do not show a diffstat at the end of the
|
|
merge.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--squash</dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--no-squash</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Produce the working tree and index state as if a real merge
|
|
happened (except for the merge information), but do not actually
|
|
make a commit, move the <code>HEAD</code>, or record <code>$GIT_DIR/MERGE_HEAD</code>
|
|
(to cause the next <code>git</code> <code>commit</code> command to create a merge
|
|
commit). This allows you to create a single commit on top of
|
|
the current branch whose effect is the same as merging another
|
|
branch (or more in case of an octopus).</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>With --no-squash perform the merge and commit the result. This
|
|
option can be used to override --squash.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>With --squash, --commit is not allowed, and will fail.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Only useful when merging.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--[no-]verify</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>By default, the pre-merge and commit-msg hooks are run.
|
|
When <code>--no-verify</code> is given, these are bypassed.
|
|
See also <a href="githooks.html">githooks(5)</a>.
|
|
Only useful when merging.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">-s <strategy></dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--strategy=<strategy></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Use the given merge strategy; can be supplied more than
|
|
once to specify them in the order they should be tried.
|
|
If there is no <code>-s</code> option, a built-in list of strategies
|
|
is used instead (<code>ort</code> when merging a single head,
|
|
<code>octopus</code> otherwise).</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">-X <option></dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--strategy-option=<option></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Pass merge strategy specific option through to the merge
|
|
strategy.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--verify-signatures</dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--no-verify-signatures</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Verify that the tip commit of the side branch being merged is
|
|
signed with a valid key, i.e. a key that has a valid uid: in the
|
|
default trust model, this means the signing key has been signed by
|
|
a trusted key. If the tip commit of the side branch is not signed
|
|
with a valid key, the merge is aborted.</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Only useful when merging.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--summary</dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--no-summary</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Synonyms to --stat and --no-stat; these are deprecated and will be
|
|
removed in the future.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--autostash</dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--no-autostash</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Automatically create a temporary stash entry before the operation
|
|
begins, record it in the ref <code>MERGE_AUTOSTASH</code>
|
|
and apply it after the operation ends. This means
|
|
that you can run the operation on a dirty worktree. However, use
|
|
with care: the final stash application after a successful
|
|
merge might result in non-trivial conflicts.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--allow-unrelated-histories</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>By default, <code>git</code> <code>merge</code> command refuses to merge histories
|
|
that do not share a common ancestor. This option can be
|
|
used to override this safety when merging histories of two
|
|
projects that started their lives independently. As that is
|
|
a very rare occasion, no configuration variable to enable
|
|
this by default exists and will not be added.</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Only useful when merging.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">-r</dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--rebase[=(false|true|merges|interactive)]</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>When true, rebase the current branch on top of the upstream
|
|
branch after fetching. If there is a remote-tracking branch
|
|
corresponding to the upstream branch and the upstream branch
|
|
was rebased since last fetched, the rebase uses that information
|
|
to avoid rebasing non-local changes.</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>When set to <code>merges</code>, rebase using <code>git</code> <code>rebase</code> <code>--rebase-merges</code> so that
|
|
the local merge commits are included in the rebase (see
|
|
<a href="git-rebase.html">git-rebase(1)</a> for details).</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>When false, merge the upstream branch into the current branch.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>When <code>interactive</code>, enable the interactive mode of rebase.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>See <code>pull.rebase</code>, <code>branch.</code><em><name></em><code>.rebase</code> and <code>branch.autoSetupRebase</code> in
|
|
<a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> if you want to make <code>git</code> <code>pull</code> always use
|
|
<code>--rebase</code> instead of merging.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="admonitionblock note">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="icon">
|
|
<div class="title">Note</div>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td class="content">
|
|
This is a potentially <em>dangerous</em> mode of operation.
|
|
It rewrites history, which does not bode well when you
|
|
published that history already. Do <strong>not</strong> use this option
|
|
unless you have read <a href="git-rebase.html">git-rebase(1)</a> carefully.
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--no-rebase</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>This is shorthand for --rebase=false.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sect2">
|
|
<h3 id="_options_related_to_fetching">Options related to fetching</h3>
|
|
<div class="dlist">
|
|
<dl>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--[no-]all</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Fetch all remotes, except for the ones that has the
|
|
<code>remote.</code><em><name></em><code>.skipFetchAll</code> configuration variable set.
|
|
This overrides the configuration variable fetch.all`.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">-a</dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--append</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Append ref names and object names of fetched refs to the
|
|
existing contents of .<code>git/FETCH_HEAD</code>. Without this
|
|
option old data in .<code>git/FETCH_HEAD</code> will be overwritten.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--atomic</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Use an atomic transaction to update local refs. Either all refs are
|
|
updated, or on error, no refs are updated.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--depth=<depth></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Limit fetching to the specified number of commits from the tip of
|
|
each remote branch history. If fetching to a <em>shallow</em> repository
|
|
created by <code>git</code> <code>clone</code> with <code>--depth=</code><em><depth></em> option (see
|
|
<a href="git-clone.html">git-clone(1)</a>), deepen or shorten the history to the specified
|
|
number of commits. Tags for the deepened commits are not fetched.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--deepen=<depth></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Similar to --depth, except it specifies the number of commits
|
|
from the current shallow boundary instead of from the tip of
|
|
each remote branch history.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--shallow-since=<date></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Deepen or shorten the history of a shallow repository to
|
|
include all reachable commits after <date>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--shallow-exclude=<ref></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Deepen or shorten the history of a shallow repository to
|
|
exclude commits reachable from a specified remote branch or tag.
|
|
This option can be specified multiple times.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--unshallow</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>If the source repository is complete, convert a shallow
|
|
repository to a complete one, removing all the limitations
|
|
imposed by shallow repositories.</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>If the source repository is shallow, fetch as much as possible so that
|
|
the current repository has the same history as the source repository.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--update-shallow</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>By default when fetching from a shallow repository,
|
|
<code>git</code> <code>fetch</code> refuses refs that require updating
|
|
.git/shallow. This option updates .git/shallow and accepts such
|
|
refs.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--negotiation-tip=<commit|glob></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>By default, Git will report, to the server, commits reachable
|
|
from all local refs to find common commits in an attempt to
|
|
reduce the size of the to-be-received packfile. If specified,
|
|
Git will only report commits reachable from the given tips.
|
|
This is useful to speed up fetches when the user knows which
|
|
local ref is likely to have commits in common with the
|
|
upstream ref being fetched.</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>This option may be specified more than once; if so, Git will report
|
|
commits reachable from any of the given commits.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>The argument to this option may be a glob on ref names, a ref, or the (possibly
|
|
abbreviated) SHA-1 of a commit. Specifying a glob is equivalent to specifying
|
|
this option multiple times, one for each matching ref name.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>See also the <code>fetch.negotiationAlgorithm</code> and <code>push.negotiate</code>
|
|
configuration variables documented in <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>, and the
|
|
<code>--negotiate-only</code> option below.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--negotiate-only</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Do not fetch anything from the server, and instead print the
|
|
ancestors of the provided <code>--negotiation-tip=</code>* arguments,
|
|
which we have in common with the server.</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>This is incompatible with <code>--recurse-submodules=</code>[<code>yes</code>|<code>on-demand</code>].
|
|
Internally this is used to implement the <code>push.negotiate</code> option, see
|
|
<a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--dry-run</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Show what would be done, without making any changes.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--porcelain</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Print the output to standard output in an easy-to-parse format for
|
|
scripts. See section OUTPUT in <a href="git-fetch.html">git-fetch(1)</a> for details.</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>This is incompatible with <code>--recurse-submodules=</code>[<code>yes</code>|<code>on-demand</code>] and takes
|
|
precedence over the <code>fetch.output</code> config option.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">-f</dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--force</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>When <em>git fetch</em> is used with <em><src></em><code>:</code><em><dst></em> refspec, it may
|
|
refuse to update the local branch as discussed
|
|
in the <em><refspec></em> part of the <a href="git-fetch.html">git-fetch(1)</a>
|
|
documentation.
|
|
This option overrides that check.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">-k</dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--keep</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Keep downloaded pack.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--prefetch</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Modify the configured refspec to place all refs into the
|
|
<code>refs/prefetch/</code> namespace. See the <code>prefetch</code> task in
|
|
<a href="git-maintenance.html">git-maintenance(1)</a>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">-p</dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--prune</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Before fetching, remove any remote-tracking references that no
|
|
longer exist on the remote. Tags are not subject to pruning
|
|
if they are fetched only because of the default tag
|
|
auto-following or due to a --tags option. However, if tags
|
|
are fetched due to an explicit refspec (either on the command
|
|
line or in the remote configuration, for example if the remote
|
|
was cloned with the --mirror option), then they are also
|
|
subject to pruning. Supplying <code>--prune-tags</code> is a shorthand for
|
|
providing the tag refspec.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--no-tags</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>By default, tags that point at objects that are downloaded
|
|
from the remote repository are fetched and stored locally.
|
|
This option disables this automatic tag following. The default
|
|
behavior for a remote may be specified with the remote.<name>.tagOpt
|
|
setting. See <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--refmap=<refspec></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>When fetching refs listed on the command line, use the
|
|
specified refspec (can be given more than once) to map the
|
|
refs to remote-tracking branches, instead of the values of
|
|
<code>remote.</code>*.<code>fetch</code> configuration variables for the remote
|
|
repository. Providing an empty <em><refspec></em> to the
|
|
<code>--refmap</code> option causes Git to ignore the configured
|
|
refspecs and rely entirely on the refspecs supplied as
|
|
command-line arguments. See section on "Configured Remote-tracking
|
|
Branches" for details.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">-t</dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--tags</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Fetch all tags from the remote (i.e., fetch remote tags
|
|
<code>refs/tags/</code>* into local tags with the same name), in addition
|
|
to whatever else would otherwise be fetched. Using this
|
|
option alone does not subject tags to pruning, even if --prune
|
|
is used (though tags may be pruned anyway if they are also the
|
|
destination of an explicit refspec; see <code>--prune</code>).</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">-j</dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--jobs=<n></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Number of parallel children to be used for all forms of fetching.</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>If the <code>--multiple</code> option was specified, the different remotes will be fetched
|
|
in parallel. If multiple submodules are fetched, they will be fetched in
|
|
parallel. To control them independently, use the config settings
|
|
<code>fetch.parallel</code> and <code>submodule.fetchJobs</code> (see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>).</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Typically, parallel recursive and multi-remote fetches will be faster. By
|
|
default fetches are performed sequentially, not in parallel.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--set-upstream</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>If the remote is fetched successfully, add upstream
|
|
(tracking) reference, used by argument-less
|
|
<a href="git-pull.html">git-pull(1)</a> and other commands. For more information,
|
|
see <code>branch.</code><em><name></em><code>.merge</code> and <code>branch.</code><em><name></em><code>.remote</code> in
|
|
<a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--upload-pack <upload-pack></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>When given, and the repository to fetch from is handled
|
|
by <em>git fetch-pack</em>, <code>--exec=</code><em><upload-pack></em> is passed to
|
|
the command to specify non-default path for the command
|
|
run on the other end.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--progress</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Progress status is reported on the standard error stream
|
|
by default when it is attached to a terminal, unless -q
|
|
is specified. This flag forces progress status even if the
|
|
standard error stream is not directed to a terminal.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">-o <option></dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--server-option=<option></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Transmit the given string to the server when communicating using
|
|
protocol version 2. The given string must not contain a NUL or LF
|
|
character. The server’s handling of server options, including
|
|
unknown ones, is server-specific.
|
|
When multiple <code>--server-option=</code><em><option></em> are given, they are all
|
|
sent to the other side in the order listed on the command line.
|
|
When no <code>--server-option=</code><em><option></em> is given from the command line,
|
|
the values of configuration variable <code>remote.</code><em><name></em><code>.serverOption</code>
|
|
are used instead.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--show-forced-updates</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>By default, git checks if a branch is force-updated during
|
|
fetch. This can be disabled through fetch.showForcedUpdates, but
|
|
the --show-forced-updates option guarantees this check occurs.
|
|
See <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--no-show-forced-updates</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>By default, git checks if a branch is force-updated during
|
|
fetch. Pass --no-show-forced-updates or set fetch.showForcedUpdates
|
|
to false to skip this check for performance reasons. If used during
|
|
<em>git-pull</em> the --ff-only option will still check for forced updates
|
|
before attempting a fast-forward update. See <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">-4</dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--ipv4</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Use IPv4 addresses only, ignoring IPv6 addresses.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">-6</dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--ipv6</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Use IPv6 addresses only, ignoring IPv4 addresses.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><repository></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>The "remote" repository that is the source of a fetch
|
|
or pull operation. This parameter can be either a URL
|
|
(see the section <a href="#URLS">GIT URLS</a> below) or the name
|
|
of a remote (see the section <a href="#REMOTES">REMOTES</a> below).</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><refspec></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Specifies which refs to fetch and which local refs to update.
|
|
When no <refspec>s appear on the command line, the refs to fetch
|
|
are read from <code>remote.</code><em><repository></em><code>.fetch</code> variables instead
|
|
(see the section "CONFIGURED REMOTE-TRACKING BRANCHES"
|
|
in <a href="git-fetch.html">git-fetch(1)</a>).</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>The format of a <refspec> parameter is an optional plus
|
|
<code>+</code>, followed by the source <src>, followed
|
|
by a colon <code>:</code>, followed by the destination <dst>.
|
|
The colon can be omitted when <dst> is empty. <src> is
|
|
typically a ref, or a glob pattern with a single * that is used
|
|
to match a set of refs, but it can also be a fully spelled hex object
|
|
name.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>A <refspec> may contain a * in its <src> to indicate a simple pattern
|
|
match. Such a refspec functions like a glob that matches any ref with the
|
|
pattern. A pattern <refspec> must have one and only one * in both the <src> and
|
|
<dst>. It will map refs to the destination by replacing the * with the
|
|
contents matched from the source.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>If a refspec is prefixed by <code>^</code>, it will be interpreted as a negative
|
|
refspec. Rather than specifying which refs to fetch or which local refs to
|
|
update, such a refspec will instead specify refs to exclude. A ref will be
|
|
considered to match if it matches at least one positive refspec, and does
|
|
not match any negative refspec. Negative refspecs can be useful to restrict
|
|
the scope of a pattern refspec so that it will not include specific refs.
|
|
Negative refspecs can themselves be pattern refspecs. However, they may only
|
|
contain a <src> and do not specify a <dst>. Fully spelled out hex object
|
|
names are also not supported.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p><code>tag</code> <em><tag></em> means the same as <code>refs/tags/</code><em><tag></em><code>:refs/tags/</code><em><tag></em>;
|
|
it requests fetching everything up to the given tag.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>The remote ref that matches <src>
|
|
is fetched, and if <dst> is not an empty string, an attempt
|
|
is made to update the local ref that matches it.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Whether that update is allowed without <code>--force</code> depends on the ref
|
|
namespace it’s being fetched to, the type of object being fetched, and
|
|
whether the update is considered to be a fast-forward. Generally, the
|
|
same rules apply for fetching as when pushing, see the <em><refspec></em>...
|
|
section of <a href="git-push.html">git-push(1)</a> for what those are. Exceptions to those
|
|
rules particular to <em>git fetch</em> are noted below.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Until Git version 2.20, and unlike when pushing with
|
|
<a href="git-push.html">git-push(1)</a>, any updates to <code>refs/tags/</code>* would be accepted
|
|
without <code>+</code> in the refspec (or <code>--force</code>). When fetching, we promiscuously
|
|
considered all tag updates from a remote to be forced fetches. Since
|
|
Git version 2.20, fetching to update <code>refs/tags/</code>* works the same way
|
|
as when pushing. I.e. any updates will be rejected without <code>+</code> in the
|
|
refspec (or <code>--force</code>).</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Unlike when pushing with <a href="git-push.html">git-push(1)</a>, any updates outside of
|
|
<code>refs/</code>{tags,heads}/* will be accepted without <code>+</code> in the refspec (or
|
|
<code>--force</code>), whether that’s swapping e.g. a tree object for a blob, or
|
|
a commit for another commit that doesn’t have the previous commit as
|
|
an ancestor etc.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Unlike when pushing with <a href="git-push.html">git-push(1)</a>, there is no
|
|
configuration which’ll amend these rules, and nothing like a
|
|
<code>pre-fetch</code> hook analogous to the <code>pre-receive</code> hook.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>As with pushing with <a href="git-push.html">git-push(1)</a>, all of the rules described
|
|
above about what’s not allowed as an update can be overridden by
|
|
adding an optional leading <code>+</code> to a refspec (or using the <code>--force</code>
|
|
command line option). The only exception to this is that no amount of
|
|
forcing will make the <code>refs/heads/</code>* namespace accept a non-commit
|
|
object.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="admonitionblock note">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="icon">
|
|
<div class="title">Note</div>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td class="content">
|
|
When the remote branch you want to fetch is known to
|
|
be rewound and rebased regularly, it is expected that
|
|
its new tip will not be a descendant of its previous tip
|
|
(as stored in your remote-tracking branch the last time
|
|
you fetched). You would want
|
|
to use the <code>+</code> sign to indicate non-fast-forward updates
|
|
will be needed for such branches. There is no way to
|
|
determine or declare that a branch will be made available
|
|
in a repository with this behavior; the pulling user simply
|
|
must know this is the expected usage pattern for a branch.
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="admonitionblock note">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="icon">
|
|
<div class="title">Note</div>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td class="content">
|
|
There is a difference between listing multiple <refspec>
|
|
directly on <em>git pull</em> command line and having multiple
|
|
<code>remote.</code><em><repository></em><code>.fetch</code> entries in your configuration
|
|
for a <repository> and running a
|
|
<em>git pull</em> command without any explicit <refspec> parameters.
|
|
<refspec>s listed explicitly on the command line are always
|
|
merged into the current branch after fetching. In other words,
|
|
if you list more than one remote ref, <em>git pull</em> will create
|
|
an Octopus merge. On the other hand, if you do not list any
|
|
explicit <refspec> parameter on the command line, <em>git pull</em>
|
|
will fetch all the <refspec>s it finds in the
|
|
<code>remote.</code><em><repository></em><code>.fetch</code> configuration and merge
|
|
only the first <refspec> found into the current branch.
|
|
This is because making an
|
|
Octopus from remote refs is rarely done, while keeping track
|
|
of multiple remote heads in one-go by fetching more than one
|
|
is often useful.
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sect1">
|
|
<h2 id="_git_urls">GIT URLS<a id="URLS"></a></h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>In general, URLs contain information about the transport protocol, the
|
|
address of the remote server, and the path to the repository.
|
|
Depending on the transport protocol, some of this information may be
|
|
absent.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Git supports ssh, git, http, and https protocols (in addition, ftp
|
|
and ftps can be used for fetching, but this is inefficient and
|
|
deprecated; do not use them).</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>The native transport (i.e. <code>git://</code> URL) does no authentication and
|
|
should be used with caution on unsecured networks.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>The following syntaxes may be used with them:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="ulist">
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><code>ssh://</code>[<em><user></em><code>@</code>]<em><host></em>[<code>:</code><em><port></em>]<code>/</code><em><path-to-git-repo></em></p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><code>git://</code><em><host></em>[<code>:</code><em><port></em>]<code>/</code><em><path-to-git-repo></em></p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><code>http</code>[<code>s</code>]<code>://</code><em><host></em>[<code>:</code><em><port></em>]<code>/</code><em><path-to-git-repo></em></p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><code>ftp</code>[<code>s</code>]<code>://</code><em><host></em>[<code>:</code><em><port></em>]<code>/</code><em><path-to-git-repo></em></p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>An alternative scp-like syntax may also be used with the ssh protocol:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="ulist">
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>[<em><user></em><code>@</code>]<em><host></em><code>:/</code><em><path-to-git-repo></em></p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>This syntax is only recognized if there are no slashes before the
|
|
first colon. This helps differentiate a local path that contains a
|
|
colon. For example the local path <code>foo:bar</code> could be specified as an
|
|
absolute path or .<code>/foo:bar</code> to avoid being misinterpreted as an ssh
|
|
url.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>The ssh and git protocols additionally support <code>~</code><em><username></em> expansion:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="ulist">
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><code>ssh://</code>[<em><user></em><code>@</code>]<em><host></em>[<code>:</code><em><port></em>]<code>/~</code><em><user></em><code>/</code><em><path-to-git-repo></em></p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><code>git://</code><em><host></em>[<code>:</code><em><port></em>]<code>/~</code><em><user></em><code>/</code><em><path-to-git-repo></em></p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>[<em><user></em><code>@</code>]<em><host></em><code>:~</code><em><user></em><code>/</code><em><path-to-git-repo></em></p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>For local repositories, also supported by Git natively, the following
|
|
syntaxes may be used:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="ulist">
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><code>/path/to/repo.git/</code></p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><code>file:///path/to/repo.git/</code></p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>These two syntaxes are mostly equivalent, except when cloning, when
|
|
the former implies <code>--local</code> option. See <a href="git-clone.html">git-clone(1)</a> for
|
|
details.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p><code>git</code> <code>clone</code>, <code>git</code> <code>fetch</code> and <code>git</code> <code>pull</code>, but not <code>git</code> <code>push</code>, will also
|
|
accept a suitable bundle file. See <a href="git-bundle.html">git-bundle(1)</a>.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>When Git doesn’t know how to handle a certain transport protocol, it
|
|
attempts to use the <code>remote-</code><em><transport></em> remote helper, if one
|
|
exists. To explicitly request a remote helper, the following syntax
|
|
may be used:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="ulist">
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><em><transport></em><code>::</code><em><address></em></p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>where <em><address></em> may be a path, a server and path, or an arbitrary
|
|
URL-like string recognized by the specific remote helper being
|
|
invoked. See <a href="gitremote-helpers.html">gitremote-helpers(7)</a> for details.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>If there are a large number of similarly-named remote repositories and
|
|
you want to use a different format for them (such that the URLs you
|
|
use will be rewritten into URLs that work), you can create a
|
|
configuration section of the form:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="verseblock">
|
|
<pre class="content"> [url "<em><actual-url-base></em>"]
|
|
insteadOf = <em><other-url-base></em></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>For example, with this:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre> [url "git://git.host.xz/"]
|
|
insteadOf = host.xz:/path/to/
|
|
insteadOf = work:</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>a URL like "work:repo.git" or like "host.xz:/path/to/repo.git" will be
|
|
rewritten in any context that takes a URL to be "git://git.host.xz/repo.git".</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>If you want to rewrite URLs for push only, you can create a
|
|
configuration section of the form:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="verseblock">
|
|
<pre class="content"> [url "<em><actual-url-base></em>"]
|
|
pushInsteadOf = <em><other-url-base></em></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>For example, with this:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre> [url "ssh://example.org/"]
|
|
pushInsteadOf = git://example.org/</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>a URL like "git://example.org/path/to/repo.git" will be rewritten to
|
|
"ssh://example.org/path/to/repo.git" for pushes, but pulls will still
|
|
use the original URL.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sect1">
|
|
<h2 id="_remotes">REMOTES<a id="REMOTES"></a></h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>The name of one of the following can be used instead
|
|
of a URL as <em><repository></em> argument:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="ulist">
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>a remote in the Git configuration file: <code>$GIT_DIR/config</code>,</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>a file in the <code>$GIT_DIR/remotes</code> directory, or</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>a file in the <code>$GIT_DIR/branches</code> directory.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>All of these also allow you to omit the refspec from the command line
|
|
because they each contain a refspec which git will use by default.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sect2">
|
|
<h3 id="_named_remote_in_configuration_file">Named remote in configuration file</h3>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>You can choose to provide the name of a remote which you had previously
|
|
configured using <a href="git-remote.html">git-remote(1)</a>, <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>
|
|
or even by a manual edit to the <code>$GIT_DIR/config</code> file. The URL of
|
|
this remote will be used to access the repository. The refspec
|
|
of this remote will be used by default when you do
|
|
not provide a refspec on the command line. The entry in the
|
|
config file would appear like this:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre> [remote "<name>"]
|
|
url = <URL>
|
|
pushurl = <pushurl>
|
|
push = <refspec>
|
|
fetch = <refspec></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>The <em><pushurl></em> is used for pushes only. It is optional and defaults
|
|
to <em><URL></em>. Pushing to a remote affects all defined pushurls or all
|
|
defined urls if no pushurls are defined. Fetch, however, will only
|
|
fetch from the first defined url if multiple urls are defined.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sect2">
|
|
<h3 id="_named_file_in_git_dirremotes">Named file in <code>$GIT_DIR/remotes</code></h3>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>You can choose to provide the name of a
|
|
file in <code>$GIT_DIR/remotes</code>. The URL
|
|
in this file will be used to access the repository. The refspec
|
|
in this file will be used as default when you do not
|
|
provide a refspec on the command line. This file should have the
|
|
following format:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre> URL: one of the above URL formats
|
|
Push: <refspec>
|
|
Pull: <refspec></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p><code>Push:</code> lines are used by <em>git push</em> and
|
|
<code>Pull:</code> lines are used by <em>git pull</em> and <em>git fetch</em>.
|
|
Multiple <code>Push:</code> and <code>Pull:</code> lines may
|
|
be specified for additional branch mappings.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sect2">
|
|
<h3 id="_named_file_in_git_dirbranches">Named file in <code>$GIT_DIR/branches</code></h3>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>You can choose to provide the name of a
|
|
file in <code>$GIT_DIR/branches</code>.
|
|
The URL in this file will be used to access the repository.
|
|
This file should have the following format:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre> <URL>#<head></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p><em><URL></em> is required; #<em><head></em> is optional.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Depending on the operation, git will use one of the following
|
|
refspecs, if you don’t provide one on the command line.
|
|
<em><branch></em> is the name of this file in <code>$GIT_DIR/branches</code> and
|
|
<em><head></em> defaults to <code>master</code>.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>git fetch uses:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre> refs/heads/<head>:refs/heads/<branch></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>git push uses:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre> HEAD:refs/heads/<head></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sect1">
|
|
<h2 id="_merge_strategies">MERGE STRATEGIES</h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>The merge mechanism (<code>git</code> <code>merge</code> and <code>git</code> <code>pull</code> commands) allows the
|
|
backend <em>merge strategies</em> to be chosen with <code>-s</code> option. Some strategies
|
|
can also take their own options, which can be passed by giving <code>-X</code><em><option></em>
|
|
arguments to <code>git</code> <code>merge</code> and/or <code>git</code> <code>pull</code>.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="dlist">
|
|
<dl>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">ort</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>This is the default merge strategy when pulling or merging one
|
|
branch. This strategy can only resolve two heads using a
|
|
3-way merge algorithm. When there is more than one common
|
|
ancestor that can be used for 3-way merge, it creates a merged
|
|
tree of the common ancestors and uses that as the reference
|
|
tree for the 3-way merge. This has been reported to result in
|
|
fewer merge conflicts without causing mismerges by tests done
|
|
on actual merge commits taken from Linux 2.6 kernel
|
|
development history. Additionally this strategy can detect
|
|
and handle merges involving renames. It does not make use of
|
|
detected copies. The name for this algorithm is an acronym
|
|
("Ostensibly Recursive’s Twin") and came from the fact that it
|
|
was written as a replacement for the previous default
|
|
algorithm, <code>recursive</code>.</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>In the case where the path is a submodule, if the submodule commit used on
|
|
one side of the merge is a descendant of the submodule commit used on the
|
|
other side of the merge, Git attempts to fast-forward to the
|
|
descendant. Otherwise, Git will treat this case as a conflict, suggesting
|
|
as a resolution a submodule commit that is descendant of the conflicting
|
|
ones, if one exists.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>The <em>ort</em> strategy can take the following options:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="dlist">
|
|
<dl>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">ours</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>This option forces conflicting hunks to be auto-resolved cleanly by
|
|
favoring <em>our</em> version. Changes from the other tree that do not
|
|
conflict with our side are reflected in the merge result.
|
|
For a binary file, the entire contents are taken from our side.</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>This should not be confused with the <em>ours</em> merge strategy, which does not
|
|
even look at what the other tree contains at all. It discards everything
|
|
the other tree did, declaring <em>our</em> history contains all that happened in it.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">theirs</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>This is the opposite of <em>ours</em>; note that, unlike <em>ours</em>, there is
|
|
no <em>theirs</em> merge strategy to confuse this merge option with.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">ignore-space-change</dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">ignore-all-space</dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">ignore-space-at-eol</dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">ignore-cr-at-eol</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Treats lines with the indicated type of whitespace change as
|
|
unchanged for the sake of a three-way merge. Whitespace
|
|
changes mixed with other changes to a line are not ignored.
|
|
See also <a href="git-diff.html">git-diff(1)</a> <code>-b</code>, <code>-w</code>,
|
|
<code>--ignore-space-at-eol</code>, and <code>--ignore-cr-at-eol</code>.</p>
|
|
<div class="ulist">
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>If <em>their</em> version only introduces whitespace changes to a line,
|
|
<em>our</em> version is used;</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>If <em>our</em> version introduces whitespace changes but <em>their</em>
|
|
version includes a substantial change, <em>their</em> version is used;</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Otherwise, the merge proceeds in the usual way.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">renormalize</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>This runs a virtual check-out and check-in of all three stages
|
|
of any file which needs a three-way merge. This option is
|
|
meant to be used when merging branches with different clean
|
|
filters or end-of-line normalization rules. See "Merging
|
|
branches with differing checkin/checkout attributes" in
|
|
<a href="gitattributes.html">gitattributes(5)</a> for details.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">no-renormalize</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Disables the <code>renormalize</code> option. This overrides the
|
|
<code>merge.renormalize</code> configuration variable.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">find-renames[=<n>]</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Turn on rename detection, optionally setting the similarity
|
|
threshold. This is the default. This overrides the
|
|
<em>merge.renames</em> configuration variable.
|
|
See also <a href="git-diff.html">git-diff(1)</a> <code>--find-renames</code>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">rename-threshold=<n></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Deprecated synonym for <code>find-renames=</code><em><n></em>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">subtree[=<path>]</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>This option is a more advanced form of <em>subtree</em> strategy, where
|
|
the strategy makes a guess on how two trees must be shifted to
|
|
match with each other when merging. Instead, the specified path
|
|
is prefixed (or stripped from the beginning) to make the shape of
|
|
two trees to match.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">recursive</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>This can only resolve two heads using a 3-way merge
|
|
algorithm. When there is more than one common
|
|
ancestor that can be used for 3-way merge, it creates a
|
|
merged tree of the common ancestors and uses that as
|
|
the reference tree for the 3-way merge. This has been
|
|
reported to result in fewer merge conflicts without
|
|
causing mismerges by tests done on actual merge commits
|
|
taken from Linux 2.6 kernel development history.
|
|
Additionally this can detect and handle merges involving
|
|
renames. It does not make use of detected copies. This was
|
|
the default strategy for resolving two heads from Git v0.99.9k
|
|
until v2.33.0.</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>For a path that is a submodule, the same caution as <em>ort</em> applies to this
|
|
strategy.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>The <em>recursive</em> strategy takes the same options as <em>ort</em>. However,
|
|
there are three additional options that <em>ort</em> ignores (not documented
|
|
above) that are potentially useful with the <em>recursive</em> strategy:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="dlist">
|
|
<dl>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">patience</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Deprecated synonym for <code>diff-algorithm=patience</code>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">diff-algorithm=[patience|minimal|histogram|myers]</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Use a different diff algorithm while merging, which can help
|
|
avoid mismerges that occur due to unimportant matching lines
|
|
(such as braces from distinct functions). See also
|
|
<a href="git-diff.html">git-diff(1)</a> <code>--diff-algorithm</code>. Note that <code>ort</code>
|
|
specifically uses <code>diff-algorithm=histogram</code>, while <code>recursive</code>
|
|
defaults to the <code>diff.algorithm</code> config setting.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">no-renames</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Turn off rename detection. This overrides the <code>merge.renames</code>
|
|
configuration variable.
|
|
See also <a href="git-diff.html">git-diff(1)</a> <code>--no-renames</code>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">resolve</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>This can only resolve two heads (i.e. the current branch
|
|
and another branch you pulled from) using a 3-way merge
|
|
algorithm. It tries to carefully detect criss-cross
|
|
merge ambiguities. It does not handle renames.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">octopus</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>This resolves cases with more than two heads, but refuses to do
|
|
a complex merge that needs manual resolution. It is
|
|
primarily meant to be used for bundling topic branch
|
|
heads together. This is the default merge strategy when
|
|
pulling or merging more than one branch.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">ours</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>This resolves any number of heads, but the resulting tree of the
|
|
merge is always that of the current branch head, effectively
|
|
ignoring all changes from all other branches. It is meant to
|
|
be used to supersede old development history of side
|
|
branches. Note that this is different from the -Xours option to
|
|
the <em>recursive</em> merge strategy.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">subtree</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>This is a modified <code>ort</code> strategy. When merging trees A and
|
|
B, if B corresponds to a subtree of A, B is first adjusted to
|
|
match the tree structure of A, instead of reading the trees at
|
|
the same level. This adjustment is also done to the common
|
|
ancestor tree.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>With the strategies that use 3-way merge (including the default, <em>ort</em>),
|
|
if a change is made on both branches, but later reverted on one of the
|
|
branches, that change will be present in the merged result; some people find
|
|
this behavior confusing. It occurs because only the heads and the merge base
|
|
are considered when performing a merge, not the individual commits. The merge
|
|
algorithm therefore considers the reverted change as no change at all, and
|
|
substitutes the changed version instead.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sect1">
|
|
<h2 id="_default_behaviour">DEFAULT BEHAVIOUR</h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Often people use <code>git</code> <code>pull</code> without giving any parameter.
|
|
Traditionally, this has been equivalent to saying <code>git</code> <code>pull</code>
|
|
<code>origin</code>. However, when configuration <code>branch.</code><em><name></em><code>.remote</code> is
|
|
present while on branch <em><name></em>, that value is used instead of
|
|
<code>origin</code>.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>In order to determine what URL to use to fetch from, the value
|
|
of the configuration <code>remote.</code><em><origin></em><code>.url</code> is consulted
|
|
and if there is not any such variable, the value on the <code>URL:</code> line
|
|
in <code>$GIT_DIR/remotes/</code><em><origin></em> is used.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>In order to determine what remote branches to fetch (and
|
|
optionally store in the remote-tracking branches) when the command is
|
|
run without any refspec parameters on the command line, values
|
|
of the configuration variable <code>remote.</code><em><origin></em><code>.fetch</code> are
|
|
consulted, and if there aren’t any, <code>$GIT_DIR/remotes/</code><em><origin></em>
|
|
is consulted and its <code>Pull:</code> lines are used.
|
|
In addition to the refspec formats described in the OPTIONS
|
|
section, you can have a globbing refspec that looks like this:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre>refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>A globbing refspec must have a non-empty RHS (i.e. must store
|
|
what were fetched in remote-tracking branches), and its LHS and RHS
|
|
must end with <code>/</code>*. The above specifies that all remote
|
|
branches are tracked using remote-tracking branches in
|
|
<code>refs/remotes/origin/</code> hierarchy under the same name.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>The rule to determine which remote branch to merge after
|
|
fetching is a bit involved, in order not to break backward
|
|
compatibility.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>If explicit refspecs were given on the command
|
|
line of <code>git</code> <code>pull</code>, they are all merged.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>When no refspec was given on the command line, then <code>git</code> <code>pull</code>
|
|
uses the refspec from the configuration or
|
|
<code>$GIT_DIR/remotes/</code><em><origin></em>. In such cases, the following
|
|
rules apply:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="olist arabic">
|
|
<ol class="arabic">
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>If <code>branch.</code><em><name></em><code>.merge</code> configuration for the current
|
|
branch <em><name></em> exists, that is the name of the branch at the
|
|
remote site that is merged.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>If the refspec is a globbing one, nothing is merged.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Otherwise the remote branch of the first refspec is merged.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sect1">
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|
<h2 id="_examples">EXAMPLES</h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<div class="ulist">
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Update the remote-tracking branches for the repository
|
|
you cloned from, then merge one of them into your
|
|
current branch:</p>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre>$ git pull
|
|
$ git pull origin</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Normally the branch merged in is the HEAD of the remote repository,
|
|
but the choice is determined by the branch.<name>.remote and
|
|
branch.<name>.merge options; see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> for details.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Merge into the current branch the remote branch <code>next</code>:</p>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre>$ git pull origin next</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>This leaves a copy of <code>next</code> temporarily in FETCH_HEAD, and
|
|
updates the remote-tracking branch <code>origin/next</code>.
|
|
The same can be done by invoking fetch and merge:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre>$ git fetch origin
|
|
$ git merge origin/next</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>If you tried a pull which resulted in complex conflicts and
|
|
would want to start over, you can recover with <em>git reset</em>.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sect1">
|
|
<h2 id="_security">SECURITY</h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>The fetch and push protocols are not designed to prevent one side from
|
|
stealing data from the other repository that was not intended to be
|
|
shared. If you have private data that you need to protect from a malicious
|
|
peer, your best option is to store it in another repository. This applies
|
|
to both clients and servers. In particular, namespaces on a server are not
|
|
effective for read access control; you should only grant read access to a
|
|
namespace to clients that you would trust with read access to the entire
|
|
repository.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>The known attack vectors are as follows:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="olist arabic">
|
|
<ol class="arabic">
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>The victim sends "have" lines advertising the IDs of objects it has that
|
|
are not explicitly intended to be shared but can be used to optimize the
|
|
transfer if the peer also has them. The attacker chooses an object ID X
|
|
to steal and sends a ref to X, but isn’t required to send the content of
|
|
X because the victim already has it. Now the victim believes that the
|
|
attacker has X, and it sends the content of X back to the attacker
|
|
later. (This attack is most straightforward for a client to perform on a
|
|
server, by creating a ref to X in the namespace the client has access
|
|
to and then fetching it. The most likely way for a server to perform it
|
|
on a client is to "merge" X into a public branch and hope that the user
|
|
does additional work on this branch and pushes it back to the server
|
|
without noticing the merge.)</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>As in #1, the attacker chooses an object ID X to steal. The victim sends
|
|
an object Y that the attacker already has, and the attacker falsely
|
|
claims to have X and not Y, so the victim sends Y as a delta against X.
|
|
The delta reveals regions of X that are similar to Y to the attacker.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sect1">
|
|
<h2 id="_bugs">BUGS</h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Using --recurse-submodules can only fetch new commits in already checked
|
|
out submodules right now. When e.g. upstream added a new submodule in the
|
|
just fetched commits of the superproject the submodule itself cannot be
|
|
fetched, making it impossible to check out that submodule later without
|
|
having to do a fetch again. This is expected to be fixed in a future Git
|
|
version.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sect1">
|
|
<h2 id="_see_also">SEE ALSO</h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p><a href="git-fetch.html">git-fetch(1)</a>, <a href="git-merge.html">git-merge(1)</a>, <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a></p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sect1">
|
|
<h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div id="footer">
|
|
<div id="footer-text">
|
|
Last updated 2025-03-17 07:09:38 UTC
|
|
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|
|
</div>
|
|
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|
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