4412 lines
183 KiB
HTML
4412 lines
183 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en">
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<head>
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<meta charset="UTF-8"/>
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<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"/>
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<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/>
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<meta name="generator" content="Asciidoctor 2.0.23"/>
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<title>git-log(1)</title>
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,300italic,400,400italic,600,600italic%7CNoto+Serif:400,400italic,700,700italic%7CDroid+Sans+Mono:400,700"/>
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<style>
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/*! Asciidoctor default stylesheet | MIT License | https://asciidoctor.org */
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/* Uncomment the following line when using as a custom stylesheet */
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/* @import "https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,300italic,400,400italic,600,600italic%7CNoto+Serif:400,400italic,700,700italic%7CDroid+Sans+Mono:400,700"; */
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html{font-family:sans-serif;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%}
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a{background:none}
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a:focus{outline:thin dotted}
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pre{white-space:pre-wrap}
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small{font-size:80%}
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sup{top:-.5em}
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</style>
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</head>
|
|
<body class="manpage">
|
|
<div id="header">
|
|
<h1>git-log(1) Manual Page</h1>
|
|
<h2 id="_name">NAME</h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<p>git-log - Show commit logs</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div id="content">
|
|
<div class="sect1">
|
|
<h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<div class="verseblock">
|
|
<pre class="content"><em>git log</em> [<options>] [<revision-range>] [[--] <path>…​]</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sect1">
|
|
<h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Shows the commit logs.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>List commits that are reachable by following the <code>parent</code> links from the
|
|
given commit(s), but exclude commits that are reachable from the one(s)
|
|
given with a <em>^</em> in front of them. The output is given in reverse
|
|
chronological order by default.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>You can think of this as a set operation. Commits reachable from any of
|
|
the commits given on the command line form a set, and then commits reachable
|
|
from any of the ones given with <em>^</em> in front are subtracted from that
|
|
set. The remaining commits are what comes out in the command’s output.
|
|
Various other options and paths parameters can be used to further limit the
|
|
result.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Thus, the following command:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre>$ git log foo bar ^baz</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>means "list all the commits which are reachable from <em>foo</em> or <em>bar</em>, but
|
|
not from <em>baz</em>".</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>A special notation "<em><commit1></em>..<em><commit2></em>" can be used as a
|
|
short-hand for "^<em><commit1></em> <em><commit2></em>". For example, either of
|
|
the following may be used interchangeably:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre>$ git log origin..HEAD
|
|
$ git log HEAD ^origin</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Another special notation is "<em><commit1></em>…​<em><commit2></em>" which is useful
|
|
for merges. The resulting set of commits is the symmetric difference
|
|
between the two operands. The following two commands are equivalent:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre>$ git log A B --not $(git merge-base --all A B)
|
|
$ git log A...B</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>The command takes options applicable to the <a href="git-rev-list.html">git-rev-list(1)</a>
|
|
command to control what is shown and how, and options applicable to
|
|
the <a href="git-diff.html">git-diff(1)</a> command to control how the changes
|
|
each commit introduces are shown.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sect1">
|
|
<h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<div class="dlist">
|
|
<dl>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--follow</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Continue listing the history of a file beyond renames
|
|
(works only for a single file).</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--no-decorate</dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--decorate[=short|full|auto|no]</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Print out the ref names of any commits that are shown. If <em>short</em> is
|
|
specified, the ref name prefixes <em>refs/heads/</em>, <em>refs/tags/</em> and
|
|
<em>refs/remotes/</em> will not be printed. If <em>full</em> is specified, the
|
|
full ref name (including prefix) will be printed. If <em>auto</em> is
|
|
specified, then if the output is going to a terminal, the ref names
|
|
are shown as if <em>short</em> were given, otherwise no ref names are
|
|
shown. The option <code>--decorate</code> is short-hand for <code>--decorate=short</code>.
|
|
Default to configuration value of <code>log.decorate</code> if configured,
|
|
otherwise, <code>auto</code>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--decorate-refs=<pattern></dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--decorate-refs-exclude=<pattern></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>For each candidate reference, do not use it for decoration if it
|
|
matches any patterns given to <code>--decorate-refs-exclude</code> or if it
|
|
doesn’t match any of the patterns given to <code>--decorate-refs</code>. The
|
|
<code>log.excludeDecoration</code> config option allows excluding refs from
|
|
the decorations, but an explicit <code>--decorate-refs</code> pattern will
|
|
override a match in <code>log.excludeDecoration</code>.</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>If none of these options or config settings are given, then references are
|
|
used as decoration if they match <code>HEAD</code>, <code>refs/heads/</code>, <code>refs/remotes/</code>,
|
|
<code>refs/stash/</code>, or <code>refs/tags/</code>.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--clear-decorations</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>When specified, this option clears all previous <code>--decorate-refs</code>
|
|
or <code>--decorate-refs-exclude</code> options and relaxes the default
|
|
decoration filter to include all references. This option is
|
|
assumed if the config value <code>log.initialDecorationSet</code> is set to
|
|
<code>all</code>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--source</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Print out the ref name given on the command line by which each
|
|
commit was reached.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--[no-]mailmap</dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--[no-]use-mailmap</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Use mailmap file to map author and committer names and email
|
|
addresses to canonical real names and email addresses. See
|
|
<a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--full-diff</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Without this flag, <code>git</code> <code>log</code> <code>-p</code> <em><path></em>... shows commits that
|
|
touch the specified paths, and diffs about the same specified
|
|
paths. With this, the full diff is shown for commits that touch
|
|
the specified paths; this means that "<path>…​" limits only
|
|
commits, and doesn’t limit diff for those commits.</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Note that this affects all diff-based output types, e.g. those
|
|
produced by <code>--stat</code>, etc.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--log-size</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Include a line “log size <number>” in the output for each commit,
|
|
where <number> is the length of that commit’s message in bytes.
|
|
Intended to speed up tools that read log messages from <code>git</code> <code>log</code>
|
|
output by allowing them to allocate space in advance.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">-L<start>,<end>:<file></dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">-L:<funcname>:<file></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Trace the evolution of the line range given by <em><start>,<end></em>,
|
|
or by the function name regex <em><funcname></em>, within the <em><file></em>. You may
|
|
not give any pathspec limiters. This is currently limited to
|
|
a walk starting from a single revision, i.e., you may only
|
|
give zero or one positive revision arguments, and
|
|
<em><start></em> and <em><end></em> (or <em><funcname></em>) must exist in the starting revision.
|
|
You can specify this option more than once. Implies <code>--patch</code>.
|
|
Patch output can be suppressed using <code>--no-patch</code>, but other diff formats
|
|
(namely <code>--raw</code>, <code>--numstat</code>, <code>--shortstat</code>, <code>--dirstat</code>, <code>--summary</code>,
|
|
<code>--name-only</code>, <code>--name-status</code>, <code>--check</code>) are not currently implemented.</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p><em><start></em> and <em><end></em> can take one of these forms:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="ulist">
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>number</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>If <em><start></em> or <em><end></em> is a number, it specifies an
|
|
absolute line number (lines count from 1).</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><code>/regex/</code></p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>This form will use the first line matching the given
|
|
POSIX regex. If <em><start></em> is a regex, it will search from the end of
|
|
the previous <code>-L</code> range, if any, otherwise from the start of file.
|
|
If <em><start></em> is <code>^/regex/</code>, it will search from the start of file.
|
|
If <em><end></em> is a regex, it will search
|
|
starting at the line given by <em><start></em>.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>+offset or -offset</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>This is only valid for <em><end></em> and will specify a number
|
|
of lines before or after the line given by <em><start></em>.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>If <code>:</code><em><funcname></em> is given in place of <em><start></em> and <em><end></em>, it is a
|
|
regular expression that denotes the range from the first funcname line
|
|
that matches <em><funcname></em>, up to the next funcname line. <code>:</code><em><funcname></em>
|
|
searches from the end of the previous <code>-L</code> range, if any, otherwise
|
|
from the start of file. <code>^:</code><em><funcname></em> searches from the start of
|
|
file. The function names are determined in the same way as <code>git</code> <code>diff</code>
|
|
works out patch hunk headers (see <em>Defining a custom hunk-header</em>
|
|
in <a href="gitattributes.html">gitattributes(5)</a>).</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><revision-range></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Show only commits in the specified revision range. When no
|
|
<revision-range> is specified, it defaults to <code>HEAD</code> (i.e. the
|
|
whole history leading to the current commit). <code>origin</code><code>..</code><code>HEAD</code>
|
|
specifies all the commits reachable from the current commit
|
|
(i.e. <code>HEAD</code>), but not from <code>origin</code>. For a complete list of
|
|
ways to spell <revision-range>, see the <em>Specifying Ranges</em>
|
|
section of <a href="gitrevisions.html">gitrevisions(7)</a>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">[--] <path>…​</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Show only commits that are enough to explain how the files
|
|
that match the specified paths came to be. See <em>History
|
|
Simplification</em> below for details and other simplification
|
|
modes.</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Paths may need to be prefixed with <code>--</code> to separate them from
|
|
options or the revision range, when confusion arises.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sect2">
|
|
<h3 id="_commit_limiting">Commit Limiting</h3>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Besides specifying a range of commits that should be listed using the
|
|
special notations explained in the description, additional commit
|
|
limiting may be applied.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Using more options generally further limits the output (e.g.
|
|
<code>--since=</code><em><date1></em> limits to commits newer than <em><date1></em>, and using it
|
|
with <code>--grep=</code><em><pattern></em> further limits to commits whose log message
|
|
has a line that matches <em><pattern></em>), unless otherwise noted.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Note that these are applied before commit
|
|
ordering and formatting options, such as <code>--reverse</code>.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="dlist">
|
|
<dl>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">-<number></dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">-n <number></dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--max-count=<number></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Limit the number of commits to output.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--skip=<number></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Skip <em>number</em> commits before starting to show the commit output.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--since=<date></dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--after=<date></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Show commits more recent than a specific date.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--since-as-filter=<date></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Show all commits more recent than a specific date. This visits
|
|
all commits in the range, rather than stopping at the first commit which
|
|
is older than a specific date.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--until=<date></dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--before=<date></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Show commits older than a specific date.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--author=<pattern></dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--committer=<pattern></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Limit the commits output to ones with author/committer
|
|
header lines that match the specified pattern (regular
|
|
expression). With more than one <code>--author=</code><em><pattern></em>,
|
|
commits whose author matches any of the given patterns are
|
|
chosen (similarly for multiple <code>--committer=</code><em><pattern></em>).</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--grep-reflog=<pattern></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Limit the commits output to ones with reflog entries that
|
|
match the specified pattern (regular expression). With
|
|
more than one <code>--grep-reflog</code>, commits whose reflog message
|
|
matches any of the given patterns are chosen. It is an
|
|
error to use this option unless <code>--walk-reflogs</code> is in use.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--grep=<pattern></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Limit the commits output to ones with a log message that
|
|
matches the specified pattern (regular expression). With
|
|
more than one <code>--grep=</code><em><pattern></em>, commits whose message
|
|
matches any of the given patterns are chosen (but see
|
|
<code>--all-match</code>).</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>When <code>--notes</code> is in effect, the message from the notes is
|
|
matched as if it were part of the log message.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--all-match</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Limit the commits output to ones that match all given <code>--grep</code>,
|
|
instead of ones that match at least one.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--invert-grep</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Limit the commits output to ones with a log message that do not
|
|
match the pattern specified with <code>--grep=</code><em><pattern></em>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">-i</dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--regexp-ignore-case</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Match the regular expression limiting patterns without regard to letter
|
|
case.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--basic-regexp</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Consider the limiting patterns to be basic regular expressions;
|
|
this is the default.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">-E</dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--extended-regexp</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Consider the limiting patterns to be extended regular expressions
|
|
instead of the default basic regular expressions.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">-F</dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--fixed-strings</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Consider the limiting patterns to be fixed strings (don’t interpret
|
|
pattern as a regular expression).</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">-P</dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--perl-regexp</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Consider the limiting patterns to be Perl-compatible regular
|
|
expressions.</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Support for these types of regular expressions is an optional
|
|
compile-time dependency. If Git wasn’t compiled with support for them
|
|
providing this option will cause it to die.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--remove-empty</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Stop when a given path disappears from the tree.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--merges</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Print only merge commits. This is exactly the same as <code>--min-parents=2</code>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--no-merges</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Do not print commits with more than one parent. This is
|
|
exactly the same as <code>--max-parents=1</code>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--min-parents=<number></dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--max-parents=<number></dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--no-min-parents</dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--no-max-parents</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Show only commits which have at least (or at most) that many parent
|
|
commits. In particular, <code>--max-parents=1</code> is the same as <code>--no-merges</code>,
|
|
<code>--min-parents=2</code> is the same as <code>--merges</code>. <code>--max-parents=0</code>
|
|
gives all root commits and <code>--min-parents=3</code> all octopus merges.</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p><code>--no-min-parents</code> and <code>--no-max-parents</code> reset these limits (to no limit)
|
|
again. Equivalent forms are <code>--min-parents=0</code> (any commit has 0 or more
|
|
parents) and <code>--max-parents=-1</code> (negative numbers denote no upper limit).</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--first-parent</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>When finding commits to include, follow only the first
|
|
parent commit upon seeing a merge commit. This option
|
|
can give a better overview when viewing the evolution of
|
|
a particular topic branch, because merges into a topic
|
|
branch tend to be only about adjusting to updated upstream
|
|
from time to time, and this option allows you to ignore
|
|
the individual commits brought in to your history by such
|
|
a merge.</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>This option also changes default diff format for merge commits
|
|
to <code>first-parent</code>, see <code>--diff-merges=first-parent</code> for details.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--exclude-first-parent-only</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>When finding commits to exclude (with a <em>^</em>), follow only
|
|
the first parent commit upon seeing a merge commit.
|
|
This can be used to find the set of changes in a topic branch
|
|
from the point where it diverged from the remote branch, given
|
|
that arbitrary merges can be valid topic branch changes.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--not</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Reverses the meaning of the <em>^</em> prefix (or lack thereof)
|
|
for all following revision specifiers, up to the next <code>--not</code>.
|
|
When used on the command line before --stdin, the revisions passed
|
|
through stdin will not be affected by it. Conversely, when passed
|
|
via standard input, the revisions passed on the command line will
|
|
not be affected by it.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--all</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Pretend as if all the refs in <code>refs/</code>, along with <code>HEAD</code>, are
|
|
listed on the command line as <em><commit></em>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--branches[=<pattern>]</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Pretend as if all the refs in <code>refs/heads</code> are listed
|
|
on the command line as <em><commit></em>. If <em><pattern></em> is given, limit
|
|
branches to ones matching given shell glob. If pattern lacks <em>?</em>,
|
|
<em>*</em>, or <em>[</em>, <em>/*</em> at the end is implied.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--tags[=<pattern>]</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Pretend as if all the refs in <code>refs/tags</code> are listed
|
|
on the command line as <em><commit></em>. If <em><pattern></em> is given, limit
|
|
tags to ones matching given shell glob. If pattern lacks <em>?</em>, <em>*</em>,
|
|
or <em>[</em>, <em>/*</em> at the end is implied.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--remotes[=<pattern>]</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Pretend as if all the refs in <code>refs/remotes</code> are listed
|
|
on the command line as <em><commit></em>. If <em><pattern></em> is given, limit
|
|
remote-tracking branches to ones matching given shell glob.
|
|
If pattern lacks <em>?</em>, <em>*</em>, or <em>[</em>, <em>/*</em> at the end is implied.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--glob=<glob-pattern></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Pretend as if all the refs matching shell glob <em><glob-pattern></em>
|
|
are listed on the command line as <em><commit></em>. Leading <em>refs/</em>,
|
|
is automatically prepended if missing. If pattern lacks <em>?</em>, <em>*</em>,
|
|
or <em>[</em>, <em>/*</em> at the end is implied.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--exclude=<glob-pattern></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Do not include refs matching <em><glob-pattern></em> that the next <code>--all</code>,
|
|
<code>--branches</code>, <code>--tags</code>, <code>--remotes</code>, or <code>--glob</code> would otherwise
|
|
consider. Repetitions of this option accumulate exclusion patterns
|
|
up to the next <code>--all</code>, <code>--branches</code>, <code>--tags</code>, <code>--remotes</code>, or
|
|
<code>--glob</code> option (other options or arguments do not clear
|
|
accumulated patterns).</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>The patterns given should not begin with <code>refs/heads</code>, <code>refs/tags</code>, or
|
|
<code>refs/remotes</code> when applied to <code>--branches</code>, <code>--tags</code>, or <code>--remotes</code>,
|
|
respectively, and they must begin with <code>refs/</code> when applied to <code>--glob</code>
|
|
or <code>--all</code>. If a trailing <em>/*</em> is intended, it must be given
|
|
explicitly.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--exclude-hidden=[fetch|receive|uploadpack]</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Do not include refs that would be hidden by <code>git-fetch</code>,
|
|
<code>git-receive-pack</code> or <code>git-upload-pack</code> by consulting the appropriate
|
|
<code>fetch.hideRefs</code>, <code>receive.hideRefs</code> or <code>uploadpack.hideRefs</code>
|
|
configuration along with <code>transfer.hideRefs</code> (see
|
|
<a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>). This option affects the next pseudo-ref option
|
|
<code>--all</code> or <code>--glob</code> and is cleared after processing them.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--reflog</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Pretend as if all objects mentioned by reflogs are listed on the
|
|
command line as <em><commit></em>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--alternate-refs</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Pretend as if all objects mentioned as ref tips of alternate
|
|
repositories were listed on the command line. An alternate
|
|
repository is any repository whose object directory is specified
|
|
in <code>objects/info/alternates</code>. The set of included objects may
|
|
be modified by <code>core.alternateRefsCommand</code>, etc. See
|
|
<a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--single-worktree</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>By default, all working trees will be examined by the
|
|
following options when there are more than one (see
|
|
<a href="git-worktree.html">git-worktree(1)</a>): <code>--all</code>, <code>--reflog</code> and
|
|
<code>--indexed-objects</code>.
|
|
This option forces them to examine the current working tree
|
|
only.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--ignore-missing</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Upon seeing an invalid object name in the input, pretend as if
|
|
the bad input was not given.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--bisect</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Pretend as if the bad bisection ref <code>refs/bisect/bad</code>
|
|
was listed and as if it was followed by <code>--not</code> and the good
|
|
bisection refs <code>refs/bisect/good-</code>* on the command
|
|
line.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--stdin</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>In addition to getting arguments from the command line, read
|
|
them from standard input as well. This accepts commits and
|
|
pseudo-options like <code>--all</code> and <code>--glob=</code>. When a <code>--</code> separator
|
|
is seen, the following input is treated as paths and used to
|
|
limit the result. Flags like <code>--not</code> which are read via standard input
|
|
are only respected for arguments passed in the same way and will not
|
|
influence any subsequent command line arguments.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--cherry-mark</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Like <code>--cherry-pick</code> (see below) but mark equivalent commits
|
|
with <code>=</code> rather than omitting them, and inequivalent ones with <code>+</code>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--cherry-pick</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Omit any commit that introduces the same change as
|
|
another commit on the “other side” when the set of
|
|
commits are limited with symmetric difference.</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>For example, if you have two branches, <code>A</code> and <code>B</code>, a usual way
|
|
to list all commits on only one side of them is with
|
|
<code>--left-right</code> (see the example below in the description of
|
|
the <code>--left-right</code> option). However, it shows the commits that were
|
|
cherry-picked from the other branch (for example, “3rd on b” may be
|
|
cherry-picked from branch A). With this option, such pairs of commits are
|
|
excluded from the output.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--left-only</dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--right-only</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>List only commits on the respective side of a symmetric difference,
|
|
i.e. only those which would be marked < resp. > by
|
|
<code>--left-right</code>.</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>For example, <code>--cherry-pick</code> <code>--right-only</code> <code>A</code><code>...</code><code>B</code> omits those
|
|
commits from <code>B</code> which are in <code>A</code> or are patch-equivalent to a commit in
|
|
<code>A</code>. In other words, this lists the <code>+</code> commits from <code>git</code> <code>cherry</code> <code>A</code> <code>B</code>.
|
|
More precisely, <code>--cherry-pick</code> <code>--right-only</code> <code>--no-merges</code> gives the exact
|
|
list.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--cherry</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>A synonym for <code>--right-only</code> <code>--cherry-mark</code> <code>--no-merges</code>; useful to
|
|
limit the output to the commits on our side and mark those that
|
|
have been applied to the other side of a forked history with
|
|
<code>git</code> <code>log</code> <code>--cherry</code> <code>upstream</code><code>...</code><code>mybranch</code>, similar to
|
|
<code>git</code> <code>cherry</code> <code>upstream</code> <code>mybranch</code>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">-g</dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--walk-reflogs</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Instead of walking the commit ancestry chain, walk
|
|
reflog entries from the most recent one to older ones.
|
|
When this option is used you cannot specify commits to
|
|
exclude (that is, <em>^commit</em>, <em>commit1..commit2</em>,
|
|
and <em>commit1...commit2</em> notations cannot be used).</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>With <code>--pretty</code> format other than <code>oneline</code> and <code>reference</code> (for obvious reasons),
|
|
this causes the output to have two extra lines of information
|
|
taken from the reflog. The reflog designator in the output may be shown
|
|
as <code>ref@</code>{<em><Nth></em>} (where <em><Nth></em> is the reverse-chronological index in the
|
|
reflog) or as <code>ref@</code>{<em><timestamp></em>} (with the <em><timestamp></em> for that entry),
|
|
depending on a few rules:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="openblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<div class="olist arabic">
|
|
<ol class="arabic">
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>If the starting point is specified as <code>ref@</code>{<em><Nth></em>}, show the index
|
|
format.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>If the starting point was specified as <code>ref@</code>{now}, show the
|
|
timestamp format.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>If neither was used, but <code>--date</code> was given on the command line, show
|
|
the timestamp in the format requested by <code>--date</code>.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Otherwise, show the index format.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Under <code>--pretty=oneline</code>, the commit message is
|
|
prefixed with this information on the same line.
|
|
This option cannot be combined with <code>--reverse</code>.
|
|
See also <a href="git-reflog.html">git-reflog(1)</a>.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Under <code>--pretty=reference</code>, this information will not be shown at all.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--merge</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Show commits touching conflicted paths in the range <code>HEAD</code><code>...</code><em><other></em>,
|
|
where <em><other></em> is the first existing pseudoref in <code>MERGE_HEAD</code>,
|
|
<code>CHERRY_PICK_HEAD</code>, <code>REVERT_HEAD</code> or <code>REBASE_HEAD</code>. Only works
|
|
when the index has unmerged entries. This option can be used to show
|
|
relevant commits when resolving conflicts from a 3-way merge.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--boundary</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Output excluded boundary commits. Boundary commits are
|
|
prefixed with <code>-</code>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sect2">
|
|
<h3 id="_history_simplification">History Simplification</h3>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Sometimes you are only interested in parts of the history, for example the
|
|
commits modifying a particular <path>. But there are two parts of
|
|
<em>History Simplification</em>, one part is selecting the commits and the other
|
|
is how to do it, as there are various strategies to simplify the history.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>The following options select the commits to be shown:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="dlist">
|
|
<dl>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><paths></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Commits modifying the given <paths> are selected.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--simplify-by-decoration</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Commits that are referred by some branch or tag are selected.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Note that extra commits can be shown to give a meaningful history.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>The following options affect the way the simplification is performed:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="dlist">
|
|
<dl>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">Default mode</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Simplifies the history to the simplest history explaining the
|
|
final state of the tree. Simplest because it prunes some side
|
|
branches if the end result is the same (i.e. merging branches
|
|
with the same content)</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--show-pulls</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Include all commits from the default mode, but also any merge
|
|
commits that are not TREESAME to the first parent but are
|
|
TREESAME to a later parent. This mode is helpful for showing
|
|
the merge commits that "first introduced" a change to a branch.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--full-history</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Same as the default mode, but does not prune some history.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--dense</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Only the selected commits are shown, plus some to have a
|
|
meaningful history.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--sparse</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>All commits in the simplified history are shown.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--simplify-merges</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Additional option to <code>--full-history</code> to remove some needless
|
|
merges from the resulting history, as there are no selected
|
|
commits contributing to this merge.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--ancestry-path[=<commit>]</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>When given a range of commits to display (e.g. <em>commit1..commit2</em>
|
|
or <em>commit2 ^commit1</em>), and a commit <commit> in that range,
|
|
only display commits in that range
|
|
that are ancestors of <commit>, descendants of <commit>, or
|
|
<commit> itself. If no commit is specified, use <em>commit1</em> (the
|
|
excluded part of the range) as <commit>. Can be passed multiple
|
|
times; if so, a commit is included if it is any of the commits
|
|
given or if it is an ancestor or descendant of one of them.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>A more detailed explanation follows.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Suppose you specified <code>foo</code> as the <paths>. We shall call commits
|
|
that modify <code>foo</code> !TREESAME, and the rest TREESAME. (In a diff
|
|
filtered for <code>foo</code>, they look different and equal, respectively.)</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>In the following, we will always refer to the same example history to
|
|
illustrate the differences between simplification settings. We assume
|
|
that you are filtering for a file <code>foo</code> in this commit graph:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre> .-A---M---N---O---P---Q
|
|
/ / / / / /
|
|
I B C D E Y
|
|
\ / / / / /
|
|
`-------------' X</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>The horizontal line of history A---Q is taken to be the first parent of
|
|
each merge. The commits are:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="ulist">
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><code>I</code> is the initial commit, in which <code>foo</code> exists with contents
|
|
“asdf”, and a file <code>quux</code> exists with contents “quux”. Initial
|
|
commits are compared to an empty tree, so <code>I</code> is !TREESAME.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>In <code>A</code>, <code>foo</code> contains just “foo”.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><code>B</code> contains the same change as <code>A</code>. Its merge <code>M</code> is trivial and
|
|
hence TREESAME to all parents.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><code>C</code> does not change <code>foo</code>, but its merge <code>N</code> changes it to “foobar”,
|
|
so it is not TREESAME to any parent.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><code>D</code> sets <code>foo</code> to “baz”. Its merge <code>O</code> combines the strings from
|
|
<code>N</code> and <code>D</code> to “foobarbaz”; i.e., it is not TREESAME to any parent.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><code>E</code> changes <code>quux</code> to “xyzzy”, and its merge <code>P</code> combines the
|
|
strings to “quux xyzzy”. <code>P</code> is TREESAME to <code>O</code>, but not to <code>E</code>.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><code>X</code> is an independent root commit that added a new file <code>side</code>, and <code>Y</code>
|
|
modified it. <code>Y</code> is TREESAME to <code>X</code>. Its merge <code>Q</code> added <code>side</code> to <code>P</code>, and
|
|
<code>Q</code> is TREESAME to <code>P</code>, but not to <code>Y</code>.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p><code>rev-list</code> walks backwards through history, including or excluding
|
|
commits based on whether <code>--full-history</code> and/or parent rewriting
|
|
(via <code>--parents</code> or <code>--children</code>) are used. The following settings
|
|
are available.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="dlist">
|
|
<dl>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">Default mode</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Commits are included if they are not TREESAME to any parent
|
|
(though this can be changed, see <code>--sparse</code> below). If the
|
|
commit was a merge, and it was TREESAME to one parent, follow
|
|
only that parent. (Even if there are several TREESAME
|
|
parents, follow only one of them.) Otherwise, follow all
|
|
parents.</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>This results in:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre> .-A---N---O
|
|
/ / /
|
|
I---------D</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Note how the rule to only follow the TREESAME parent, if one is
|
|
available, removed <code>B</code> from consideration entirely. <code>C</code> was
|
|
considered via <code>N</code>, but is TREESAME. Root commits are compared to an
|
|
empty tree, so <code>I</code> is !TREESAME.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Parent/child relations are only visible with <code>--parents</code>, but that does
|
|
not affect the commits selected in default mode, so we have shown the
|
|
parent lines.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--full-history without parent rewriting</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>This mode differs from the default in one point: always follow
|
|
all parents of a merge, even if it is TREESAME to one of them.
|
|
Even if more than one side of the merge has commits that are
|
|
included, this does not imply that the merge itself is! In
|
|
the example, we get</p>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre> I A B N D O P Q</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p><code>M</code> was excluded because it is TREESAME to both parents. <code>E</code>,
|
|
<code>C</code> and <code>B</code> were all walked, but only <code>B</code> was !TREESAME, so the others
|
|
do not appear.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Note that without parent rewriting, it is not really possible to talk
|
|
about the parent/child relationships between the commits, so we show
|
|
them disconnected.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--full-history with parent rewriting</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Ordinary commits are only included if they are !TREESAME
|
|
(though this can be changed, see <code>--sparse</code> below).</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Merges are always included. However, their parent list is rewritten:
|
|
Along each parent, prune away commits that are not included
|
|
themselves. This results in</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre> .-A---M---N---O---P---Q
|
|
/ / / / /
|
|
I B / D /
|
|
\ / / / /
|
|
`-------------'</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Compare to <code>--full-history</code> without rewriting above. Note that <code>E</code>
|
|
was pruned away because it is TREESAME, but the parent list of P was
|
|
rewritten to contain <code>E</code>'s parent <code>I</code>. The same happened for <code>C</code> and
|
|
<code>N</code>, and <code>X</code>, <code>Y</code> and <code>Q</code>.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>In addition to the above settings, you can change whether TREESAME
|
|
affects inclusion:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="dlist">
|
|
<dl>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--dense</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Commits that are walked are included if they are not TREESAME
|
|
to any parent.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--sparse</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>All commits that are walked are included.</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Note that without <code>--full-history</code>, this still simplifies merges: if
|
|
one of the parents is TREESAME, we follow only that one, so the other
|
|
sides of the merge are never walked.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--simplify-merges</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>First, build a history graph in the same way that
|
|
<code>--full-history</code> with parent rewriting does (see above).</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Then simplify each commit <code>C</code> to its replacement <code>C</code>' in the final
|
|
history according to the following rules:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="openblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<div class="ulist">
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Set <code>C</code>' to <code>C</code>.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Replace each parent <code>P</code> of <code>C</code>' with its simplification <code>P</code>'. In
|
|
the process, drop parents that are ancestors of other parents or that are
|
|
root commits TREESAME to an empty tree, and remove duplicates, but take care
|
|
to never drop all parents that we are TREESAME to.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>If after this parent rewriting, <code>C</code>' is a root or merge commit (has
|
|
zero or >1 parents), a boundary commit, or !TREESAME, it remains.
|
|
Otherwise, it is replaced with its only parent.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>The effect of this is best shown by way of comparing to
|
|
<code>--full-history</code> with parent rewriting. The example turns into:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre> .-A---M---N---O
|
|
/ / /
|
|
I B D
|
|
\ / /
|
|
`---------'</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Note the major differences in <code>N</code>, <code>P</code>, and <code>Q</code> over <code>--full-history</code>:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="openblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<div class="ulist">
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><code>N</code>'s parent list had <code>I</code> removed, because it is an ancestor of the
|
|
other parent <code>M</code>. Still, <code>N</code> remained because it is !TREESAME.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><code>P</code>'s parent list similarly had <code>I</code> removed. <code>P</code> was then
|
|
removed completely, because it had one parent and is TREESAME.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><code>Q</code>'s parent list had <code>Y</code> simplified to <code>X</code>. <code>X</code> was then removed, because it
|
|
was a TREESAME root. <code>Q</code> was then removed completely, because it had one
|
|
parent and is TREESAME.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>There is another simplification mode available:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="dlist">
|
|
<dl>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--ancestry-path[=<commit>]</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Limit the displayed commits to those which are an ancestor of
|
|
<commit>, or which are a descendant of <commit>, or are <commit>
|
|
itself.</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>As an example use case, consider the following commit history:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre> D---E-------F
|
|
/ \ \
|
|
B---C---G---H---I---J
|
|
/ \
|
|
A-------K---------------L--M</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>A regular <em>D..M</em> computes the set of commits that are ancestors of <code>M</code>,
|
|
but excludes the ones that are ancestors of <code>D</code>. This is useful to see
|
|
what happened to the history leading to <code>M</code> since <code>D</code>, in the sense
|
|
that “what does <code>M</code> have that did not exist in <code>D</code>”. The result in this
|
|
example would be all the commits, except <code>A</code> and <code>B</code> (and <code>D</code> itself,
|
|
of course).</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>When we want to find out what commits in <code>M</code> are contaminated with the
|
|
bug introduced by <code>D</code> and need fixing, however, we might want to view
|
|
only the subset of <em>D..M</em> that are actually descendants of <code>D</code>, i.e.
|
|
excluding <code>C</code> and <code>K</code>. This is exactly what the <code>--ancestry-path</code>
|
|
option does. Applied to the <em>D..M</em> range, it results in:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre> E-------F
|
|
\ \
|
|
G---H---I---J
|
|
\
|
|
L--M</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>We can also use <code>--ancestry-path=D</code> instead of <code>--ancestry-path</code> which
|
|
means the same thing when applied to the <em>D..M</em> range but is just more
|
|
explicit.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>If we instead are interested in a given topic within this range, and all
|
|
commits affected by that topic, we may only want to view the subset of
|
|
<code>D</code><code>..</code><code>M</code> which contain that topic in their ancestry path. So, using
|
|
<code>--ancestry-path=H</code> <code>D</code><code>..</code><code>M</code> for example would result in:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre> E
|
|
\
|
|
G---H---I---J
|
|
\
|
|
L--M</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Whereas <code>--ancestry-path=K</code> <code>D</code><code>..</code><code>M</code> would result in</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre> K---------------L--M</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Before discussing another option, <code>--show-pulls</code>, we need to
|
|
create a new example history.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>A common problem users face when looking at simplified history is that a
|
|
commit they know changed a file somehow does not appear in the file’s
|
|
simplified history. Let’s demonstrate a new example and show how options
|
|
such as <code>--full-history</code> and <code>--simplify-merges</code> works in that case:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre> .-A---M-----C--N---O---P
|
|
/ / \ \ \/ / /
|
|
I B \ R-'`-Z' /
|
|
\ / \/ /
|
|
\ / /\ /
|
|
`---X--' `---Y--'</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>For this example, suppose <code>I</code> created <code>file.txt</code> which was modified by
|
|
<code>A</code>, <code>B</code>, and <code>X</code> in different ways. The single-parent commits <code>C</code>, <code>Z</code>,
|
|
and <code>Y</code> do not change <code>file.txt</code>. The merge commit <code>M</code> was created by
|
|
resolving the merge conflict to include both changes from <code>A</code> and <code>B</code>
|
|
and hence is not TREESAME to either. The merge commit <code>R</code>, however, was
|
|
created by ignoring the contents of <code>file.txt</code> at <code>M</code> and taking only
|
|
the contents of <code>file.txt</code> at <code>X</code>. Hence, <code>R</code> is TREESAME to <code>X</code> but not
|
|
<code>M</code>. Finally, the natural merge resolution to create <code>N</code> is to take the
|
|
contents of <code>file.txt</code> at <code>R</code>, so <code>N</code> is TREESAME to <code>R</code> but not <code>C</code>.
|
|
The merge commits <code>O</code> and <code>P</code> are TREESAME to their first parents, but
|
|
not to their second parents, <code>Z</code> and <code>Y</code> respectively.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>When using the default mode, <code>N</code> and <code>R</code> both have a TREESAME parent, so
|
|
those edges are walked and the others are ignored. The resulting history
|
|
graph is:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre> I---X</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>When using <code>--full-history</code>, Git walks every edge. This will discover
|
|
the commits <code>A</code> and <code>B</code> and the merge <code>M</code>, but also will reveal the
|
|
merge commits <code>O</code> and <code>P</code>. With parent rewriting, the resulting graph is:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre> .-A---M--------N---O---P
|
|
/ / \ \ \/ / /
|
|
I B \ R-'`--' /
|
|
\ / \/ /
|
|
\ / /\ /
|
|
`---X--' `------'</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Here, the merge commits <code>O</code> and <code>P</code> contribute extra noise, as they did
|
|
not actually contribute a change to <code>file.txt</code>. They only merged a topic
|
|
that was based on an older version of <code>file.txt</code>. This is a common
|
|
issue in repositories using a workflow where many contributors work in
|
|
parallel and merge their topic branches along a single trunk: many
|
|
unrelated merges appear in the <code>--full-history</code> results.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>When using the <code>--simplify-merges</code> option, the commits <code>O</code> and <code>P</code>
|
|
disappear from the results. This is because the rewritten second parents
|
|
of <code>O</code> and <code>P</code> are reachable from their first parents. Those edges are
|
|
removed and then the commits look like single-parent commits that are
|
|
TREESAME to their parent. This also happens to the commit <code>N</code>, resulting
|
|
in a history view as follows:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre> .-A---M--.
|
|
/ / \
|
|
I B R
|
|
\ / /
|
|
\ / /
|
|
`---X--'</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>In this view, we see all of the important single-parent changes from
|
|
<code>A</code>, <code>B</code>, and <code>X</code>. We also see the carefully-resolved merge <code>M</code> and the
|
|
not-so-carefully-resolved merge <code>R</code>. This is usually enough information
|
|
to determine why the commits <code>A</code> and <code>B</code> "disappeared" from history in
|
|
the default view. However, there are a few issues with this approach.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>The first issue is performance. Unlike any previous option, the
|
|
<code>--simplify-merges</code> option requires walking the entire commit history
|
|
before returning a single result. This can make the option difficult to
|
|
use for very large repositories.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>The second issue is one of auditing. When many contributors are working
|
|
on the same repository, it is important which merge commits introduced
|
|
a change into an important branch. The problematic merge <code>R</code> above is
|
|
not likely to be the merge commit that was used to merge into an
|
|
important branch. Instead, the merge <code>N</code> was used to merge <code>R</code> and <code>X</code>
|
|
into the important branch. This commit may have information about why
|
|
the change <code>X</code> came to override the changes from <code>A</code> and <code>B</code> in its
|
|
commit message.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="dlist">
|
|
<dl>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--show-pulls</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>In addition to the commits shown in the default history, show
|
|
each merge commit that is not TREESAME to its first parent but
|
|
is TREESAME to a later parent.</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>When a merge commit is included by <code>--show-pulls</code>, the merge is
|
|
treated as if it "pulled" the change from another branch. When using
|
|
<code>--show-pulls</code> on this example (and no other options) the resulting
|
|
graph is:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre> I---X---R---N</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Here, the merge commits <code>R</code> and <code>N</code> are included because they pulled
|
|
the commits <code>X</code> and <code>R</code> into the base branch, respectively. These
|
|
merges are the reason the commits <code>A</code> and <code>B</code> do not appear in the
|
|
default history.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>When <code>--show-pulls</code> is paired with <code>--simplify-merges</code>, the
|
|
graph includes all of the necessary information:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre> .-A---M--. N
|
|
/ / \ /
|
|
I B R
|
|
\ / /
|
|
\ / /
|
|
`---X--'</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Notice that since <code>M</code> is reachable from <code>R</code>, the edge from <code>N</code> to <code>M</code>
|
|
was simplified away. However, <code>N</code> still appears in the history as an
|
|
important commit because it "pulled" the change <code>R</code> into the main
|
|
branch.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>The <code>--simplify-by-decoration</code> option allows you to view only the
|
|
big picture of the topology of the history, by omitting commits
|
|
that are not referenced by tags. Commits are marked as !TREESAME
|
|
(in other words, kept after history simplification rules described
|
|
above) if (1) they are referenced by tags, or (2) they change the
|
|
contents of the paths given on the command line. All other
|
|
commits are marked as TREESAME (subject to be simplified away).</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sect2">
|
|
<h3 id="_commit_ordering">Commit Ordering</h3>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>By default, the commits are shown in reverse chronological order.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="dlist">
|
|
<dl>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--date-order</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Show no parents before all of its children are shown, but
|
|
otherwise show commits in the commit timestamp order.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--author-date-order</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Show no parents before all of its children are shown, but
|
|
otherwise show commits in the author timestamp order.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--topo-order</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Show no parents before all of its children are shown, and
|
|
avoid showing commits on multiple lines of history
|
|
intermixed.</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>For example, in a commit history like this:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre> ---1----2----4----7
|
|
\ \
|
|
3----5----6----8---</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>where the numbers denote the order of commit timestamps, <code>git</code>
|
|
<code>rev-list</code> and friends with <code>--date-order</code> show the commits in the
|
|
timestamp order: 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>With <code>--topo-order</code>, they would show 8 6 5 3 7 4 2 1 (or 8 7 4 2 6 5
|
|
3 1); some older commits are shown before newer ones in order to
|
|
avoid showing the commits from two parallel development track mixed
|
|
together.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--reverse</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Output the commits chosen to be shown (see Commit Limiting
|
|
section above) in reverse order. Cannot be combined with
|
|
<code>--walk-reflogs</code>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sect2">
|
|
<h3 id="_object_traversal">Object Traversal</h3>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>These options are mostly targeted for packing of Git repositories.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="dlist">
|
|
<dl>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--no-walk[=(sorted|unsorted)]</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Only show the given commits, but do not traverse their ancestors.
|
|
This has no effect if a range is specified. If the argument
|
|
<code>unsorted</code> is given, the commits are shown in the order they were
|
|
given on the command line. Otherwise (if <code>sorted</code> or no argument
|
|
was given), the commits are shown in reverse chronological order
|
|
by commit time.
|
|
Cannot be combined with <code>--graph</code>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--do-walk</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Overrides a previous <code>--no-walk</code>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sect2">
|
|
<h3 id="_commit_formatting">Commit Formatting</h3>
|
|
<div class="dlist">
|
|
<dl>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--pretty[=<format>]</dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--format=<format></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Pretty-print the contents of the commit logs in a given format,
|
|
where <em><format></em> can be one of <em>oneline</em>, <em>short</em>, <em>medium</em>,
|
|
<em>full</em>, <em>fuller</em>, <em>reference</em>, <em>email</em>, <em>raw</em>, <em>format:<string></em>
|
|
and <em>tformat:<string></em>. When <em><format></em> is none of the above,
|
|
and has <em>%placeholder</em> in it, it acts as if
|
|
<em>--pretty=tformat:<format></em> were given.</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>See the "PRETTY FORMATS" section for some additional details for each
|
|
format. When <em>=<format></em> part is omitted, it defaults to <em>medium</em>.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Note: you can specify the default pretty format in the repository
|
|
configuration (see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>).</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--abbrev-commit</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Instead of showing the full 40-byte hexadecimal commit object
|
|
name, show a prefix that names the object uniquely.
|
|
"--abbrev=<n>" (which also modifies diff output, if it is displayed)
|
|
option can be used to specify the minimum length of the prefix.</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>This should make "--pretty=oneline" a whole lot more readable for
|
|
people using 80-column terminals.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--no-abbrev-commit</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Show the full 40-byte hexadecimal commit object name. This negates
|
|
<code>--abbrev-commit</code>, either explicit or implied by other options such
|
|
as "--oneline". It also overrides the <code>log.abbrevCommit</code> variable.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--oneline</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>This is a shorthand for "--pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit"
|
|
used together.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--encoding=<encoding></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Commit objects record the character encoding used for the log message
|
|
in their encoding header; this option can be used to tell the
|
|
command to re-code the commit log message in the encoding
|
|
preferred by the user. For non plumbing commands this
|
|
defaults to UTF-8. Note that if an object claims to be encoded
|
|
in <code>X</code> and we are outputting in <code>X</code>, we will output the object
|
|
verbatim; this means that invalid sequences in the original
|
|
commit may be copied to the output. Likewise, if iconv(3) fails
|
|
to convert the commit, we will quietly output the original
|
|
object verbatim.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--expand-tabs=<n></dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--expand-tabs</dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--no-expand-tabs</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Perform a tab expansion (replace each tab with enough spaces
|
|
to fill to the next display column that is a multiple of <em><n></em>)
|
|
in the log message before showing it in the output.
|
|
<code>--expand-tabs</code> is a short-hand for <code>--expand-tabs=8</code>, and
|
|
<code>--no-expand-tabs</code> is a short-hand for <code>--expand-tabs=0</code>,
|
|
which disables tab expansion.</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>By default, tabs are expanded in pretty formats that indent the log
|
|
message by 4 spaces (i.e. <em>medium</em>, which is the default, <em>full</em>,
|
|
and <em>fuller</em>).</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--notes[=<ref>]</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Show the notes (see <a href="git-notes.html">git-notes(1)</a>) that annotate the
|
|
commit, when showing the commit log message. This is the default
|
|
for <code>git</code> <code>log</code>, <code>git</code> <code>show</code> and <code>git</code> <code>whatchanged</code> commands when
|
|
there is no <code>--pretty</code>, <code>--format</code>, or <code>--oneline</code> option given
|
|
on the command line.</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>By default, the notes shown are from the notes refs listed in the
|
|
<code>core.notesRef</code> and <code>notes.displayRef</code> variables (or corresponding
|
|
environment overrides). See <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> for more details.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>With an optional <em><ref></em> argument, use the ref to find the notes
|
|
to display. The ref can specify the full refname when it begins
|
|
with <code>refs/notes/</code>; when it begins with <code>notes/</code>, <code>refs/</code> and otherwise
|
|
<code>refs/notes/</code> is prefixed to form the full name of the ref.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Multiple --notes options can be combined to control which notes are
|
|
being displayed. Examples: "--notes=foo" will show only notes from
|
|
"refs/notes/foo"; "--notes=foo --notes" will show both notes from
|
|
"refs/notes/foo" and from the default notes ref(s).</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--no-notes</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Do not show notes. This negates the above <code>--notes</code> option, by
|
|
resetting the list of notes refs from which notes are shown.
|
|
Options are parsed in the order given on the command line, so e.g.
|
|
"--notes --notes=foo --no-notes --notes=bar" will only show notes
|
|
from "refs/notes/bar".</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--show-notes-by-default</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Show the default notes unless options for displaying specific
|
|
notes are given.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--show-notes[=<ref>]</dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--[no-]standard-notes</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>These options are deprecated. Use the above --notes/--no-notes
|
|
options instead.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--show-signature</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Check the validity of a signed commit object by passing the signature
|
|
to <code>gpg</code> <code>--verify</code> and show the output.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--relative-date</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Synonym for <code>--date=relative</code>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--date=<format></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Only takes effect for dates shown in human-readable format, such
|
|
as when using <code>--pretty</code>. <code>log.date</code> config variable sets a default
|
|
value for the log command’s <code>--date</code> option. By default, dates
|
|
are shown in the original time zone (either committer’s or
|
|
author’s). If <code>-local</code> is appended to the format (e.g.,
|
|
<code>iso-local</code>), the user’s local time zone is used instead.</p>
|
|
<div class="openblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p><code>--date=relative</code> shows dates relative to the current time,
|
|
e.g. “2 hours ago”. The <code>-local</code> option has no effect for
|
|
<code>--date=relative</code>.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p><code>--date=local</code> is an alias for <code>--date=default-local</code>.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p><code>--date=iso</code> (or <code>--date=iso8601</code>) shows timestamps in a ISO 8601-like format.
|
|
The differences to the strict ISO 8601 format are:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="ulist">
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>a space instead of the <code>T</code> date/time delimiter</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>a space between time and time zone</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>no colon between hours and minutes of the time zone</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p><code>--date=iso-strict</code> (or <code>--date=iso8601-strict</code>) shows timestamps in strict
|
|
ISO 8601 format.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p><code>--date=rfc</code> (or <code>--date=rfc2822</code>) shows timestamps in RFC 2822
|
|
format, often found in email messages.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p><code>--date=short</code> shows only the date, but not the time, in <code>YYYY-MM-DD</code> format.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p><code>--date=raw</code> shows the date as seconds since the epoch (1970-01-01
|
|
00:00:00 UTC), followed by a space, and then the timezone as an offset
|
|
from UTC (a <code>+</code> or <code>-</code> with four digits; the first two are hours, and
|
|
the second two are minutes). I.e., as if the timestamp were formatted
|
|
with <code>strftime</code>("%s %z")).
|
|
Note that the <code>-local</code> option does not affect the seconds-since-epoch
|
|
value (which is always measured in UTC), but does switch the accompanying
|
|
timezone value.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p><code>--date=human</code> shows the timezone if the timezone does not match the
|
|
current time-zone, and doesn’t print the whole date if that matches
|
|
(ie skip printing year for dates that are "this year", but also skip
|
|
the whole date itself if it’s in the last few days and we can just say
|
|
what weekday it was). For older dates the hour and minute is also
|
|
omitted.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p><code>--date=unix</code> shows the date as a Unix epoch timestamp (seconds since
|
|
1970). As with <code>--raw</code>, this is always in UTC and therefore <code>-local</code>
|
|
has no effect.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p><code>--date=format:..</code>. feeds the format ... to your system <code>strftime</code>,
|
|
except for %s, %z, and %Z, which are handled internally.
|
|
Use <code>--date=format:</code>%c to show the date in your system locale’s
|
|
preferred format. See the <code>strftime</code> manual for a complete list of
|
|
format placeholders. When using <code>-local</code>, the correct syntax is
|
|
<code>--date=format-local:..</code>..</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p><code>--date=default</code> is the default format, and is based on ctime(3)
|
|
output. It shows a single line with three-letter day of the week,
|
|
three-letter month, day-of-month, hour-minute-seconds in "HH:MM:SS"
|
|
format, followed by 4-digit year, plus timezone information, unless
|
|
the local time zone is used, e.g. <code>Thu</code> <code>Jan</code> <code>1</code> <code>00:00:00</code> <code>1970</code> <code>+0000</code>.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--parents</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Print also the parents of the commit (in the form "commit parent…​").
|
|
Also enables parent rewriting, see <em>History Simplification</em> above.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--children</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Print also the children of the commit (in the form "commit child…​").
|
|
Also enables parent rewriting, see <em>History Simplification</em> above.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--left-right</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Mark which side of a symmetric difference a commit is reachable from.
|
|
Commits from the left side are prefixed with < and those from
|
|
the right with >. If combined with <code>--boundary</code>, those
|
|
commits are prefixed with <code>-</code>.</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>For example, if you have this topology:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre> y---b---b branch B
|
|
/ \ /
|
|
/ .
|
|
/ / \
|
|
o---x---a---a branch A</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>you would get an output like this:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre> $ git rev-list --left-right --boundary --pretty=oneline A...B
|
|
|
|
>bbbbbbb... 3rd on b
|
|
>bbbbbbb... 2nd on b
|
|
<aaaaaaa... 3rd on a
|
|
<aaaaaaa... 2nd on a
|
|
-yyyyyyy... 1st on b
|
|
-xxxxxxx... 1st on a</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--graph</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Draw a text-based graphical representation of the commit history
|
|
on the left hand side of the output. This may cause extra lines
|
|
to be printed in between commits, in order for the graph history
|
|
to be drawn properly.
|
|
Cannot be combined with <code>--no-walk</code>.</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>This enables parent rewriting, see <em>History Simplification</em> above.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>This implies the <code>--topo-order</code> option by default, but the
|
|
<code>--date-order</code> option may also be specified.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--show-linear-break[=<barrier>]</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>When --graph is not used, all history branches are flattened
|
|
which can make it hard to see that the two consecutive commits
|
|
do not belong to a linear branch. This option puts a barrier
|
|
in between them in that case. If <em><barrier></em> is specified, it
|
|
is the string that will be shown instead of the default one.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sect1">
|
|
<h2 id="_pretty_formats">PRETTY FORMATS</h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>If the commit is a merge, and if the pretty-format
|
|
is not <em>oneline</em>, <em>email</em> or <em>raw</em>, an additional line is
|
|
inserted before the <em>Author:</em> line. This line begins with
|
|
"Merge: " and the hashes of ancestral commits are printed,
|
|
separated by spaces. Note that the listed commits may not
|
|
necessarily be the list of the <strong>direct</strong> parent commits if you
|
|
have limited your view of history: for example, if you are
|
|
only interested in changes related to a certain directory or
|
|
file.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>There are several built-in formats, and you can define
|
|
additional formats by setting a pretty.<name>
|
|
config option to either another format name, or a
|
|
<em>format:</em> string, as described below (see
|
|
<a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>). Here are the details of the
|
|
built-in formats:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="ulist">
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><em>oneline</em></p>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre><hash> <title-line></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>This is designed to be as compact as possible.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><em>short</em></p>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre>commit <hash>
|
|
Author: <author></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre><title-line></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><em>medium</em></p>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre>commit <hash>
|
|
Author: <author>
|
|
Date: <author-date></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre><title-line></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre><full-commit-message></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><em>full</em></p>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre>commit <hash>
|
|
Author: <author>
|
|
Commit: <committer></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre><title-line></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre><full-commit-message></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><em>fuller</em></p>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre>commit <hash>
|
|
Author: <author>
|
|
AuthorDate: <author-date>
|
|
Commit: <committer>
|
|
CommitDate: <committer-date></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre><title-line></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre><full-commit-message></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><em>reference</em></p>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre><abbrev-hash> (<title-line>, <short-author-date>)</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>This format is used to refer to another commit in a commit message and
|
|
is the same as <code>--pretty=</code>'format:%C(<code>auto</code>)%h (%s, %ad)'. By default,
|
|
the date is formatted with <code>--date=short</code> unless another <code>--date</code> option
|
|
is explicitly specified. As with any <code>format:</code> with format
|
|
placeholders, its output is not affected by other options like
|
|
<code>--decorate</code> and <code>--walk-reflogs</code>.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><em>email</em></p>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre>From <hash> <date>
|
|
From: <author>
|
|
Date: <author-date>
|
|
Subject: [PATCH] <title-line></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre><full-commit-message></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><em>mboxrd</em></p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Like <em>email</em>, but lines in the commit message starting with "From "
|
|
(preceded by zero or more ">") are quoted with ">" so they aren’t
|
|
confused as starting a new commit.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><em>raw</em></p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>The <em>raw</em> format shows the entire commit exactly as
|
|
stored in the commit object. Notably, the hashes are
|
|
displayed in full, regardless of whether --abbrev or
|
|
--no-abbrev are used, and <em>parents</em> information show the
|
|
true parent commits, without taking grafts or history
|
|
simplification into account. Note that this format affects the way
|
|
commits are displayed, but not the way the diff is shown e.g. with
|
|
<code>git</code> <code>log</code> <code>--raw</code>. To get full object names in a raw diff format,
|
|
use <code>--no-abbrev</code>.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><em>format:<format-string></em></p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>The <em>format:<format-string></em> format allows you to specify which information
|
|
you want to show. It works a little bit like printf format,
|
|
with the notable exception that you get a newline with <em>%n</em>
|
|
instead of <em>\n</em>.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>E.g, <em>format:"The author of %h was %an, %ar%nThe title was >>%s<<%n"</em>
|
|
would show something like this:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre>The author of fe6e0ee was Junio C Hamano, 23 hours ago
|
|
The title was >>t4119: test autocomputing -p<n> for traditional diff input.<<</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>The placeholders are:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="ulist">
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Placeholders that expand to a single literal character:</p>
|
|
<div class="dlist">
|
|
<dl>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%n</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>newline</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%%</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>a raw <em>%</em></p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%x00</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p><em>%x</em> followed by two hexadecimal digits is replaced with a
|
|
byte with the hexadecimal digits' value (we will call this
|
|
"literal formatting code" in the rest of this document).</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Placeholders that affect formatting of later placeholders:</p>
|
|
<div class="dlist">
|
|
<dl>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%Cred</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>switch color to red</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%Cgreen</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>switch color to green</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%Cblue</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>switch color to blue</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%Creset</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>reset color</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%C(…​)</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>color specification, as described under Values in the
|
|
"CONFIGURATION FILE" section of <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>. By
|
|
default, colors are shown only when enabled for log output
|
|
(by <code>color.diff</code>, <code>color.ui</code>, or <code>--color</code>, and respecting
|
|
the <code>auto</code> settings of the former if we are going to a
|
|
terminal). %C(<code>auto,</code><code>...</code>) is accepted as a historical
|
|
synonym for the default (e.g., %C(<code>auto,red</code>)). Specifying
|
|
%C(<code>always,</code><code>...</code>) will show the colors even when color is
|
|
not otherwise enabled (though consider just using
|
|
<code>--color=always</code> to enable color for the whole output,
|
|
including this format and anything else git might color).
|
|
<code>auto</code> alone (i.e. %C(<code>auto</code>)) will turn on auto coloring
|
|
on the next placeholders until the color is switched
|
|
again.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%m</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>left (<), right (>) or boundary (<code>-</code>) mark</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%w([<w>[,<i1>[,<i2>]]])</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>switch line wrapping, like the -w option of
|
|
<a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%<( <N> [,trunc|ltrunc|mtrunc])</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>make the next placeholder take at
|
|
least N column widths, padding spaces on
|
|
the right if necessary. Optionally
|
|
truncate (with ellipsis <em>..</em>) at the left (ltrunc) <code>..</code><code>ft</code>,
|
|
the middle (mtrunc) <code>mi</code><code>..</code><code>le</code>, or the end
|
|
(trunc) <code>rig..</code>, if the output is longer than
|
|
N columns.
|
|
Note 1: that truncating
|
|
only works correctly with N >= 2.
|
|
Note 2: spaces around the N and M (see below)
|
|
values are optional.
|
|
Note 3: Emojis and other wide characters
|
|
will take two display columns, which may
|
|
over-run column boundaries.
|
|
Note 4: decomposed character combining marks
|
|
may be misplaced at padding boundaries.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%<|( <M> )</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>make the next placeholder take at least until Mth
|
|
display column, padding spaces on the right if necessary.
|
|
Use negative M values for column positions measured
|
|
from the right hand edge of the terminal window.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%>( <N> )</em>, <em>%>|( <M> )</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>similar to <em>%<( <N> )</em>, <em>%<|( <M> )</em> respectively,
|
|
but padding spaces on the left</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%>>( <N> )</em>, <em>%>>|( <M> )</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>similar to <em>%>( <N> )</em>, <em>%>|( <M> )</em>
|
|
respectively, except that if the next
|
|
placeholder takes more spaces than given and
|
|
there are spaces on its left, use those
|
|
spaces</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%><( <N> )</em>, <em>%><|( <M> )</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>similar to <em>%<( <N> )</em>, <em>%<|( <M> )</em>
|
|
respectively, but padding both sides
|
|
(i.e. the text is centered)</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Placeholders that expand to information extracted from the commit:</p>
|
|
<div class="dlist">
|
|
<dl>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%H</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>commit hash</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%h</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>abbreviated commit hash</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%T</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>tree hash</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%t</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>abbreviated tree hash</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%P</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>parent hashes</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%p</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>abbreviated parent hashes</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%an</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>author name</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%aN</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>author name (respecting .mailmap, see <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a>
|
|
or <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a>)</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%ae</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>author email</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%aE</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>author email (respecting .mailmap, see <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a>
|
|
or <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a>)</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%al</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>author email local-part (the part before the <em>@</em> sign)</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%aL</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>author local-part (see <em>%al</em>) respecting .mailmap, see
|
|
<a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a> or <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a>)</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%ad</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>author date (format respects --date= option)</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%aD</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>author date, RFC2822 style</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%ar</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>author date, relative</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%at</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>author date, UNIX timestamp</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%ai</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>author date, ISO 8601-like format</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%aI</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>author date, strict ISO 8601 format</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%as</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>author date, short format (<code>YYYY-MM-DD</code>)</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%ah</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>author date, human style (like the <code>--date=human</code> option of
|
|
<a href="git-rev-list.html">git-rev-list(1)</a>)</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%cn</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>committer name</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%cN</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>committer name (respecting .mailmap, see
|
|
<a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a> or <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a>)</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%ce</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>committer email</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%cE</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>committer email (respecting .mailmap, see
|
|
<a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a> or <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a>)</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%cl</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>committer email local-part (the part before the <em>@</em> sign)</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%cL</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>committer local-part (see <em>%cl</em>) respecting .mailmap, see
|
|
<a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a> or <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a>)</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%cd</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>committer date (format respects --date= option)</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%cD</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>committer date, RFC2822 style</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%cr</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>committer date, relative</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%ct</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>committer date, UNIX timestamp</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%ci</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>committer date, ISO 8601-like format</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%cI</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>committer date, strict ISO 8601 format</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%cs</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>committer date, short format (<code>YYYY-MM-DD</code>)</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%ch</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>committer date, human style (like the <code>--date=human</code> option of
|
|
<a href="git-rev-list.html">git-rev-list(1)</a>)</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%d</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>ref names, like the --decorate option of <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a></p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%D</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>ref names without the " (", ")" wrapping.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%(decorate[:<options>])</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>ref names with custom decorations. The <code>decorate</code> string may be followed by a
|
|
colon and zero or more comma-separated options. Option values may contain
|
|
literal formatting codes. These must be used for commas (%x2C) and closing
|
|
parentheses (%x29), due to their role in the option syntax.</p>
|
|
<div class="ulist">
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><em>prefix=<value></em>: Shown before the list of ref names. Defaults to " (".</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><em>suffix=<value></em>: Shown after the list of ref names. Defaults to ")".</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><em>separator=<value></em>: Shown between ref names. Defaults to "<code>,</code> ".</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><em>pointer=<value></em>: Shown between HEAD and the branch it points to, if any.
|
|
Defaults to " <code>-</code>> ".</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><em>tag=<value></em>: Shown before tag names. Defaults to "<code>tag:</code> ".</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>For example, to produce decorations with no wrapping
|
|
or tag annotations, and spaces as separators:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>+
|
|
%(<code>decorate:prefix=,suffix=,tag=,separator=</code> )</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="dlist">
|
|
<dl>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%(describe[:<options>])</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>human-readable name, like <a href="git-describe.html">git-describe(1)</a>; empty string for
|
|
undescribable commits. The <code>describe</code> string may be followed by a colon and
|
|
zero or more comma-separated options. Descriptions can be inconsistent when
|
|
tags are added or removed at the same time.</p>
|
|
<div class="ulist">
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><em>tags[=<bool-value>]</em>: Instead of only considering annotated tags,
|
|
consider lightweight tags as well.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><em>abbrev=<number></em>: Instead of using the default number of hexadecimal digits
|
|
(which will vary according to the number of objects in the repository with a
|
|
default of 7) of the abbreviated object name, use <number> digits, or as many
|
|
digits as needed to form a unique object name.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><em>match=<pattern></em>: Only consider tags matching the given
|
|
<code>glob</code>(<code>7</code>) pattern, excluding the "refs/tags/" prefix.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><em>exclude=<pattern></em>: Do not consider tags matching the given
|
|
<code>glob</code>(<code>7</code>) pattern, excluding the "refs/tags/" prefix.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%S</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>ref name given on the command line by which the commit was reached
|
|
(like <code>git</code> <code>log</code> <code>--source</code>), only works with <code>git</code> <code>log</code></p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%e</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>encoding</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%s</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>subject</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%f</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>sanitized subject line, suitable for a filename</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%b</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>body</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%B</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>raw body (unwrapped subject and body)</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%N</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>commit notes</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%GG</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>raw verification message from GPG for a signed commit</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%G?</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>show "G" for a good (valid) signature,
|
|
"B" for a bad signature,
|
|
"U" for a good signature with unknown validity,
|
|
"X" for a good signature that has expired,
|
|
"Y" for a good signature made by an expired key,
|
|
"R" for a good signature made by a revoked key,
|
|
"E" if the signature cannot be checked (e.g. missing key)
|
|
and "N" for no signature</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%GS</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>show the name of the signer for a signed commit</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%GK</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>show the key used to sign a signed commit</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%GF</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>show the fingerprint of the key used to sign a signed commit</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%GP</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>show the fingerprint of the primary key whose subkey was used
|
|
to sign a signed commit</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%GT</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>show the trust level for the key used to sign a signed commit</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%gD</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>reflog selector, e.g., <code>refs/stash@</code>{1} or <code>refs/stash@</code>{2
|
|
<code>minutes</code> <code>ago</code>}; the format follows the rules described for the
|
|
<code>-g</code> option. The portion before the <code>@</code> is the refname as
|
|
given on the command line (so <code>git</code> <code>log</code> <code>-g</code> <code>refs/heads/master</code>
|
|
would yield <code>refs/heads/master@</code>{0}).</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%gd</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>shortened reflog selector; same as %gD, but the refname
|
|
portion is shortened for human readability (so
|
|
<code>refs/heads/master</code> becomes just <code>master</code>).</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%gn</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>reflog identity name</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%gN</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>reflog identity name (respecting .mailmap, see
|
|
<a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a> or <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a>)</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%ge</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>reflog identity email</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%gE</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>reflog identity email (respecting .mailmap, see
|
|
<a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a> or <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a>)</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%gs</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>reflog subject</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>%(trailers[:<options>])</em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>display the trailers of the body as interpreted by
|
|
<a href="git-interpret-trailers.html">git-interpret-trailers(1)</a>. The <code>trailers</code> string may be followed by
|
|
a colon and zero or more comma-separated options. If any option is provided
|
|
multiple times, the last occurrence wins.</p>
|
|
<div class="ulist">
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><em>key=<key></em>: only show trailers with specified <key>. Matching is done
|
|
case-insensitively and trailing colon is optional. If option is
|
|
given multiple times trailer lines matching any of the keys are
|
|
shown. This option automatically enables the <code>only</code> option so that
|
|
non-trailer lines in the trailer block are hidden. If that is not
|
|
desired it can be disabled with <code>only=false</code>. E.g.,
|
|
%(<code>trailers:key=Reviewed-by</code>) shows trailer lines with key
|
|
<code>Reviewed-by</code>.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><em>only[=<bool>]</em>: select whether non-trailer lines from the trailer
|
|
block should be included.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><em>separator=<sep></em>: specify the separator inserted between trailer
|
|
lines. Defaults to a line feed character. The string <sep> may contain
|
|
the literal formatting codes described above. To use comma as
|
|
separator one must use %x2C as it would otherwise be parsed as
|
|
next option. E.g., %(<code>trailers:key=Ticket,separator=</code>%x2C )
|
|
shows all trailer lines whose key is "Ticket" separated by a comma
|
|
and a space.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><em>unfold[=<bool>]</em>: make it behave as if interpret-trailer’s <code>--unfold</code>
|
|
option was given. E.g.,
|
|
%(<code>trailers:only,unfold=true</code>) unfolds and shows all trailer lines.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><em>keyonly[=<bool>]</em>: only show the key part of the trailer.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><em>valueonly[=<bool>]</em>: only show the value part of the trailer.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><em>key_value_separator=<sep></em>: specify the separator inserted between
|
|
the key and value of each trailer. Defaults to ": ". Otherwise it
|
|
shares the same semantics as <em>separator=<sep></em> above.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="admonitionblock note">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="icon">
|
|
<div class="title">Note</div>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td class="content">
|
|
Some placeholders may depend on other options given to the
|
|
revision traversal engine. For example, the %g* reflog options will
|
|
insert an empty string unless we are traversing reflog entries (e.g., by
|
|
<code>git</code> <code>log</code> <code>-g</code>). The %d and %D placeholders will use the "short"
|
|
decoration format if <code>--decorate</code> was not already provided on the command
|
|
line.
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>The boolean options accept an optional value [<code>=</code><em><bool-value></em>]. The
|
|
values taken by <code>--type=bool</code> git-config[1], like <code>yes</code> and <code>off</code>,
|
|
are all accepted. Giving a boolean option without <code>=</code><em><value></em> is
|
|
equivalent to giving it with <code>=true</code>.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>If you add a <code>+</code> (plus sign) after <em>%</em> of a placeholder, a line-feed
|
|
is inserted immediately before the expansion if and only if the
|
|
placeholder expands to a non-empty string.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>If you add a <code>-</code> (minus sign) after <em>%</em> of a placeholder, all consecutive
|
|
line-feeds immediately preceding the expansion are deleted if and only if the
|
|
placeholder expands to an empty string.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>If you add a ` ` (space) after <em>%</em> of a placeholder, a space
|
|
is inserted immediately before the expansion if and only if the
|
|
placeholder expands to a non-empty string.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="ulist">
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><em>tformat:</em></p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>The <em>tformat:</em> format works exactly like <em>format:</em>, except that it
|
|
provides "terminator" semantics instead of "separator" semantics. In
|
|
other words, each commit has the message terminator character (usually a
|
|
newline) appended, rather than a separator placed between entries.
|
|
This means that the final entry of a single-line format will be properly
|
|
terminated with a new line, just as the "oneline" format does.
|
|
For example:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre>$ git log -2 --pretty=format:%h 4da45bef \
|
|
| perl -pe '$_ .= " -- NO NEWLINE\n" unless /\n/'
|
|
4da45be
|
|
7134973 -- NO NEWLINE
|
|
|
|
$ git log -2 --pretty=tformat:%h 4da45bef \
|
|
| perl -pe '$_ .= " -- NO NEWLINE\n" unless /\n/'
|
|
4da45be
|
|
7134973</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>In addition, any unrecognized string that has a % in it is interpreted
|
|
as if it has <code>tformat:</code> in front of it. For example, these two are
|
|
equivalent:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre>$ git log -2 --pretty=tformat:%h 4da45bef
|
|
$ git log -2 --pretty=%h 4da45bef</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sect1">
|
|
<h2 id="_diff_formatting">DIFF FORMATTING</h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>By default, <code>git</code> <code>log</code> does not generate any diff output. The options
|
|
below can be used to show the changes made by each commit.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Note that unless one of <code>--diff-merges</code> variants (including short
|
|
<code>-m</code>, <code>-c</code>, <code>--cc</code>, and <code>--dd</code> options) is explicitly given, merge commits
|
|
will not show a diff, even if a diff format like <code>--patch</code> is
|
|
selected, nor will they match search options like <code>-S</code>. The exception
|
|
is when <code>--first-parent</code> is in use, in which case <code>first-parent</code> is
|
|
the default format for merge commits.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="dlist">
|
|
<dl>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>-p</code></dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>-u</code></dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--patch</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Generate patch (see <a href="#generate_patch_text_with_p">Generating patch text with -p</a>).</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>-s</code></dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--no-patch</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Suppress all output from the diff machinery. Useful for
|
|
commands like <code>git</code> <code>show</code> that show the patch by default to
|
|
squelch their output, or to cancel the effect of options like
|
|
<code>--patch</code>, <code>--stat</code> earlier on the command line in an alias.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">-m</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Show diffs for merge commits in the default format. This is
|
|
similar to <code>--diff-merges=on</code>, except <code>-m</code> will
|
|
produce no output unless <code>-p</code> is given as well.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">-c</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Produce combined diff output for merge commits.
|
|
Shortcut for <code>--diff-merges=combined</code> <code>-p</code>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--cc</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Produce dense combined diff output for merge commits.
|
|
Shortcut for <code>--diff-merges=dense-combined</code> <code>-p</code>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--dd</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Produce diff with respect to first parent for both merge and
|
|
regular commits.
|
|
Shortcut for <code>--diff-merges=first-parent</code> <code>-p</code>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--remerge-diff</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Produce remerge-diff output for merge commits.
|
|
Shortcut for <code>--diff-merges=remerge</code> <code>-p</code>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--no-diff-merges</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Synonym for <code>--diff-merges=off</code>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--diff-merges=<format></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Specify diff format to be used for merge commits. Default is
|
|
`off` unless <code>--first-parent</code> is in use, in
|
|
which case <code>first-parent</code> is the default.</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>The following formats are supported:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="openblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<div class="dlist">
|
|
<dl>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">off, none</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Disable output of diffs for merge commits. Useful to override
|
|
implied value.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">on, m</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Make diff output for merge commits to be shown in the default
|
|
format. The default format can be changed using
|
|
<code>log.diffMerges</code> configuration variable, whose default value
|
|
is <code>separate</code>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">first-parent, 1</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Show full diff with respect to first parent. This is the same
|
|
format as <code>--patch</code> produces for non-merge commits.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">separate</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Show full diff with respect to each of parents.
|
|
Separate log entry and diff is generated for each parent.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">combined, c</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Show differences from each of the parents to the merge
|
|
result simultaneously instead of showing pairwise diff between
|
|
a parent and the result one at a time. Furthermore, it lists
|
|
only files which were modified from all parents.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">dense-combined, cc</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Further compress output produced by <code>--diff-merges=combined</code>
|
|
by omitting uninteresting hunks whose contents in the parents
|
|
have only two variants and the merge result picks one of them
|
|
without modification.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">remerge, r</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Remerge two-parent merge commits to create a temporary tree
|
|
object—​potentially containing files with conflict markers
|
|
and such. A diff is then shown between that temporary tree
|
|
and the actual merge commit.</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>The output emitted when this option is used is subject to change, and
|
|
so is its interaction with other options (unless explicitly
|
|
documented).</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--combined-all-paths</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Cause combined diffs (used for merge commits) to
|
|
list the name of the file from all parents. It thus only has
|
|
effect when <code>--diff-merges=</code>[<code>dense-</code>]<code>combined</code> is in use, and
|
|
is likely only useful if filename changes are detected (i.e.
|
|
when either rename or copy detection have been requested).</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>-U</code><em><n></em></dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--unified=</code><em><n></em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Generate diffs with <em><n></em> lines of context instead of
|
|
the usual three.
|
|
Implies <code>--patch</code>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--output=</code><em><file></em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Output to a specific file instead of stdout.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--output-indicator-new=</code><em><char></em></dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--output-indicator-old=</code><em><char></em></dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--output-indicator-context=</code><em><char></em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Specify the character used to indicate new, old or context
|
|
lines in the generated patch. Normally they are <code>+</code>, <code>-</code> and
|
|
' ' respectively.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--raw</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>For each commit, show a summary of changes using the raw diff
|
|
format. See the "RAW OUTPUT FORMAT" section of
|
|
<a href="git-diff.html">git-diff(1)</a>. This is different from showing the log
|
|
itself in raw format, which you can achieve with
|
|
<code>--format=raw</code>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--patch-with-raw</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Synonym for <code>-p</code> <code>--raw</code>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>-t</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Show the tree objects in the diff output.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--indent-heuristic</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Enable the heuristic that shifts diff hunk boundaries to make patches
|
|
easier to read. This is the default.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--no-indent-heuristic</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Disable the indent heuristic.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--minimal</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Spend extra time to make sure the smallest possible
|
|
diff is produced.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--patience</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Generate a diff using the "patience diff" algorithm.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--histogram</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Generate a diff using the "histogram diff" algorithm.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--anchored=</code><em><text></em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Generate a diff using the "anchored diff" algorithm.</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>This option may be specified more than once.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>If a line exists in both the source and destination, exists only once,
|
|
and starts with <em><text></em>, this algorithm attempts to prevent it from
|
|
appearing as a deletion or addition in the output. It uses the "patience
|
|
diff" algorithm internally.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--diff-algorithm=</code>(<code>patience</code>|<code>minimal</code>|<code>histogram</code>|<code>myers</code>)</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Choose a diff algorithm. The variants are as follows:</p>
|
|
<div class="openblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<div class="dlist">
|
|
<dl>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>default</code></dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>myers</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>The basic greedy diff algorithm. Currently, this is the default.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>minimal</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Spend extra time to make sure the smallest possible diff is
|
|
produced.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>patience</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Use "patience diff" algorithm when generating patches.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>histogram</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>This algorithm extends the patience algorithm to "support
|
|
low-occurrence common elements".</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>For instance, if you configured the <code>diff.algorithm</code> variable to a
|
|
non-default value and want to use the default one, then you
|
|
have to use <code>--diff-algorithm=default</code> option.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--stat</code>[<code>=</code><em><width></em>[<code>,</code><em><name-width></em>[<code>,</code><em><count></em>]]]</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Generate a diffstat. By default, as much space as necessary
|
|
will be used for the filename part, and the rest for the graph
|
|
part. Maximum width defaults to terminal width, or 80 columns
|
|
if not connected to a terminal, and can be overridden by
|
|
<em><width></em>. The width of the filename part can be limited by
|
|
giving another width <em><name-width></em> after a comma or by setting
|
|
<code>diff.statNameWidth=</code><em><name-width></em>. The width of the graph part can be
|
|
limited by using <code>--stat-graph-width=</code><em><graph-width></em> or by setting
|
|
<code>diff.statGraphWidth=</code><em><graph-width></em>. Using <code>--stat</code> or
|
|
<code>--stat-graph-width</code> affects all commands generating a stat graph,
|
|
while setting <code>diff.statNameWidth</code> or <code>diff.statGraphWidth</code>
|
|
does not affect <code>git</code> <code>format-patch</code>.
|
|
By giving a third parameter <em><count></em>, you can limit the output to
|
|
the first <em><count></em> lines, followed by ... if there are more.</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>These parameters can also be set individually with <code>--stat-width=</code><em><width></em>,
|
|
<code>--stat-name-width=</code><em><name-width></em> and <code>--stat-count=</code><em><count></em>.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--compact-summary</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Output a condensed summary of extended header information such
|
|
as file creations or deletions ("new" or "gone", optionally <code>+l</code>
|
|
if it’s a symlink) and mode changes (<code>+x</code> or <code>-x</code> for adding
|
|
or removing executable bit respectively) in diffstat. The
|
|
information is put between the filename part and the graph
|
|
part. Implies <code>--stat</code>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--numstat</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Similar to <code>--stat</code>, but shows number of added and
|
|
deleted lines in decimal notation and pathname without
|
|
abbreviation, to make it more machine friendly. For
|
|
binary files, outputs two <code>-</code> instead of saying
|
|
<code>0</code> <code>0</code>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--shortstat</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Output only the last line of the <code>--stat</code> format containing total
|
|
number of modified files, as well as number of added and deleted
|
|
lines.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>-X</code> [<em><param></em><code>,..</code>.]</dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--dirstat</code>[<code>=</code><em><param></em><code>,..</code>.]</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Output the distribution of relative amount of changes for each
|
|
sub-directory. The behavior of <code>--dirstat</code> can be customized by
|
|
passing it a comma separated list of parameters.
|
|
The defaults are controlled by the <code>diff.dirstat</code> configuration
|
|
variable (see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>).
|
|
The following parameters are available:</p>
|
|
<div class="openblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<div class="dlist">
|
|
<dl>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>changes</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Compute the dirstat numbers by counting the lines that have been
|
|
removed from the source, or added to the destination. This ignores
|
|
the amount of pure code movements within a file. In other words,
|
|
rearranging lines in a file is not counted as much as other changes.
|
|
This is the default behavior when no parameter is given.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>lines</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Compute the dirstat numbers by doing the regular line-based diff
|
|
analysis, and summing the removed/added line counts. (For binary
|
|
files, count 64-byte chunks instead, since binary files have no
|
|
natural concept of lines). This is a more expensive <code>--dirstat</code>
|
|
behavior than the <code>changes</code> behavior, but it does count rearranged
|
|
lines within a file as much as other changes. The resulting output
|
|
is consistent with what you get from the other <code>--</code>*stat options.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>files</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Compute the dirstat numbers by counting the number of files changed.
|
|
Each changed file counts equally in the dirstat analysis. This is
|
|
the computationally cheapest <code>--dirstat</code> behavior, since it does
|
|
not have to look at the file contents at all.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>cumulative</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Count changes in a child directory for the parent directory as well.
|
|
Note that when using <code>cumulative</code>, the sum of the percentages
|
|
reported may exceed 100%. The default (non-cumulative) behavior can
|
|
be specified with the <code>noncumulative</code> parameter.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em><limit></em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>An integer parameter specifies a cut-off percent (3% by default).
|
|
Directories contributing less than this percentage of the changes
|
|
are not shown in the output.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Example: The following will count changed files, while ignoring
|
|
directories with less than 10% of the total amount of changed files,
|
|
and accumulating child directory counts in the parent directories:
|
|
<code>--dirstat=files,10,cumulative</code>.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--cumulative</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Synonym for <code>--dirstat=cumulative</code>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--dirstat-by-file</code>[<code>=</code><em><param></em><code>,..</code>.]</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Synonym for <code>--dirstat=files,</code><em><param></em><code>,..</code>..</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--summary</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Output a condensed summary of extended header information
|
|
such as creations, renames and mode changes.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--patch-with-stat</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Synonym for <code>-p</code> <code>--stat</code>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>-z</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Separate the commits with <em>NUL</em>s instead of newlines.</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Also, when <code>--raw</code> or <code>--numstat</code> has been given, do not munge
|
|
pathnames and use <em>NUL</em>s as output field terminators.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Without this option, pathnames with "unusual" characters are quoted as
|
|
explained for the configuration variable <code>core.quotePath</code> (see
|
|
<a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>).</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--name-only</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Show only the name of each changed file in the post-image tree.
|
|
The file names are often encoded in UTF-8.
|
|
For more information see the discussion about encoding in the <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a>
|
|
manual page.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--name-status</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Show only the name(s) and status of each changed file. See the description
|
|
of the <code>--diff-filter</code> option on what the status letters mean.
|
|
Just like <code>--name-only</code> the file names are often encoded in UTF-8.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--submodule</code>[<code>=</code><em><format></em>]</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Specify how differences in submodules are shown. When specifying
|
|
<code>--submodule=short</code> the <code>short</code> format is used. This format just
|
|
shows the names of the commits at the beginning and end of the range.
|
|
When <code>--submodule</code> or <code>--submodule=log</code> is specified, the <code>log</code>
|
|
format is used. This format lists the commits in the range like
|
|
<a href="git-submodule.html">git-submodule(1)</a> <code>summary</code> does. When <code>--submodule=diff</code>
|
|
is specified, the <code>diff</code> format is used. This format shows an
|
|
inline diff of the changes in the submodule contents between the
|
|
commit range. Defaults to <code>diff.submodule</code> or the <code>short</code> format
|
|
if the config option is unset.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--color</code>[<code>=</code><em><when></em>]</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Show colored diff.
|
|
<code>--color</code> (i.e. without <code>=</code><em><when></em>) is the same as <code>--color=always</code>.
|
|
<em><when></em> can be one of <code>always</code>, <code>never</code>, or <code>auto</code>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--no-color</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Turn off colored diff.
|
|
It is the same as <code>--color=never</code>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--color-moved</code>[<code>=</code><em><mode></em>]</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Moved lines of code are colored differently.
|
|
The <em><mode></em> defaults to <code>no</code> if the option is not given
|
|
and to <code>zebra</code> if the option with no mode is given.
|
|
The mode must be one of:</p>
|
|
<div class="openblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<div class="dlist">
|
|
<dl>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>no</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Moved lines are not highlighted.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>default</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Is a synonym for <code>zebra</code>. This may change to a more sensible mode
|
|
in the future.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>plain</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Any line that is added in one location and was removed
|
|
in another location will be colored with <code>color.diff.newMoved</code>.
|
|
Similarly <code>color.diff.oldMoved</code> will be used for removed lines
|
|
that are added somewhere else in the diff. This mode picks up any
|
|
moved line, but it is not very useful in a review to determine
|
|
if a block of code was moved without permutation.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>blocks</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Blocks of moved text of at least 20 alphanumeric characters
|
|
are detected greedily. The detected blocks are
|
|
painted using either the <code>color.diff.</code>(<code>old</code>|<code>new</code>)<code>Moved</code> color.
|
|
Adjacent blocks cannot be told apart.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>zebra</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Blocks of moved text are detected as in <code>blocks</code> mode. The blocks
|
|
are painted using either the <code>color.diff.</code>(<code>old</code>|<code>new</code>)<code>Moved</code> color or
|
|
<code>color.diff.</code>(<code>old</code>|<code>new</code>)<code>MovedAlternative</code>. The change between
|
|
the two colors indicates that a new block was detected.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>dimmed-zebra</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Similar to <code>zebra</code>, but additional dimming of uninteresting parts
|
|
of moved code is performed. The bordering lines of two adjacent
|
|
blocks are considered interesting, the rest is uninteresting.
|
|
<code>dimmed_zebra</code> is a deprecated synonym.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--no-color-moved</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Turn off move detection. This can be used to override configuration
|
|
settings. It is the same as <code>--color-moved=no</code>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--color-moved-ws=</code><em><mode></em><code>,..</code>.</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>This configures how whitespace is ignored when performing the
|
|
move detection for <code>--color-moved</code>.
|
|
These modes can be given as a comma separated list:</p>
|
|
<div class="openblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<div class="dlist">
|
|
<dl>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>no</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Do not ignore whitespace when performing move detection.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>ignore-space-at-eol</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Ignore changes in whitespace at EOL.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>ignore-space-change</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Ignore changes in amount of whitespace. This ignores whitespace
|
|
at line end, and considers all other sequences of one or
|
|
more whitespace characters to be equivalent.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>ignore-all-space</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Ignore whitespace when comparing lines. This ignores differences
|
|
even if one line has whitespace where the other line has none.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>allow-indentation-change</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Initially ignore any whitespace in the move detection, then
|
|
group the moved code blocks only into a block if the change in
|
|
whitespace is the same per line. This is incompatible with the
|
|
other modes.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--no-color-moved-ws</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Do not ignore whitespace when performing move detection. This can be
|
|
used to override configuration settings. It is the same as
|
|
<code>--color-moved-ws=no</code>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--word-diff</code>[<code>=</code><em><mode></em>]</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>By default, words are delimited by whitespace; see
|
|
<code>--word-diff-regex</code> below. The <em><mode></em> defaults to <code>plain</code>, and
|
|
must be one of:</p>
|
|
<div class="openblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<div class="dlist">
|
|
<dl>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>color</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Highlight changed words using only colors. Implies <code>--color</code>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>plain</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Show words as [<code>-removed-</code>] and {<code>added</code>}. Makes no
|
|
attempts to escape the delimiters if they appear in the input,
|
|
so the output may be ambiguous.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>porcelain</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Use a special line-based format intended for script
|
|
consumption. Added/removed/unchanged runs are printed in the
|
|
usual unified diff format, starting with a <code>+</code>/<code>-</code>/` `
|
|
character at the beginning of the line and extending to the
|
|
end of the line. Newlines in the input are represented by a
|
|
tilde <code>~</code> on a line of its own.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>none</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Disable word diff again.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Note that despite the name of the first mode, color is used to
|
|
highlight the changed parts in all modes if enabled.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--word-diff-regex=</code><em><regex></em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Use <em><regex></em> to decide what a word is, instead of considering
|
|
runs of non-whitespace to be a word. Also implies
|
|
<code>--word-diff</code> unless it was already enabled.</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Every non-overlapping match of the
|
|
<em><regex></em> is considered a word. Anything between these matches is
|
|
considered whitespace and ignored(!) for the purposes of finding
|
|
differences. You may want to append |[<code>^</code>[<code>:space:</code>]] to your regular
|
|
expression to make sure that it matches all non-whitespace characters.
|
|
A match that contains a newline is silently truncated(!) at the
|
|
newline.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>For example, <code>--word-diff-regex=.</code> will treat each character as a word
|
|
and, correspondingly, show differences character by character.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>The regex can also be set via a diff driver or configuration option, see
|
|
<a href="gitattributes.html">gitattributes(5)</a> or <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>. Giving it explicitly
|
|
overrides any diff driver or configuration setting. Diff drivers
|
|
override configuration settings.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--color-words</code>[<code>=</code><em><regex></em>]</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Equivalent to <code>--word-diff=color</code> plus (if a regex was
|
|
specified) <code>--word-diff-regex=</code><em><regex></em>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--no-renames</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Turn off rename detection, even when the configuration
|
|
file gives the default to do so.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--</code>[<code>no-</code>]<code>rename-empty</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Whether to use empty blobs as rename source.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--check</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Warn if changes introduce conflict markers or whitespace errors.
|
|
What are considered whitespace errors is controlled by <code>core.whitespace</code>
|
|
configuration. By default, trailing whitespaces (including
|
|
lines that consist solely of whitespaces) and a space character
|
|
that is immediately followed by a tab character inside the
|
|
initial indent of the line are considered whitespace errors.
|
|
Exits with non-zero status if problems are found. Not compatible
|
|
with <code>--exit-code</code>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--ws-error-highlight=</code><em><kind></em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Highlight whitespace errors in the <code>context</code>, <code>old</code> or <code>new</code>
|
|
lines of the diff. Multiple values are separated by comma,
|
|
<code>none</code> resets previous values, <code>default</code> reset the list to
|
|
<code>new</code> and <code>all</code> is a shorthand for <code>old,new,context</code>. When
|
|
this option is not given, and the configuration variable
|
|
<code>diff.wsErrorHighlight</code> is not set, only whitespace errors in
|
|
<code>new</code> lines are highlighted. The whitespace errors are colored
|
|
with <code>color.diff.whitespace</code>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--full-index</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Instead of the first handful of characters, show the full
|
|
pre- and post-image blob object names on the "index"
|
|
line when generating patch format output.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--binary</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>In addition to <code>--full-index</code>, output a binary diff that
|
|
can be applied with <code>git-apply</code>.
|
|
Implies <code>--patch</code>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--abbrev</code>[<code>=</code><em><n></em>]</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Instead of showing the full 40-byte hexadecimal object
|
|
name in diff-raw format output and diff-tree header
|
|
lines, show the shortest prefix that is at least <em><n></em>
|
|
hexdigits long that uniquely refers the object.
|
|
In diff-patch output format, <code>--full-index</code> takes higher
|
|
precedence, i.e. if <code>--full-index</code> is specified, full blob
|
|
names will be shown regardless of <code>--abbrev</code>.
|
|
Non default number of digits can be specified with <code>--abbrev=</code><em><n></em>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>-B</code>[<em><n></em>][<code>/</code><em><m></em>]</dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--break-rewrites</code>[<code>=</code>[<em><n></em>][<code>/</code><em><m></em>]]</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Break complete rewrite changes into pairs of delete and
|
|
create. This serves two purposes:</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>It affects the way a change that amounts to a total rewrite of a file
|
|
not as a series of deletion and insertion mixed together with a very
|
|
few lines that happen to match textually as the context, but as a
|
|
single deletion of everything old followed by a single insertion of
|
|
everything new, and the number <em><m></em> controls this aspect of the <code>-B</code>
|
|
option (defaults to 60%). <code>-B/70</code>% specifies that less than 30% of the
|
|
original should remain in the result for Git to consider it a total
|
|
rewrite (i.e. otherwise the resulting patch will be a series of
|
|
deletion and insertion mixed together with context lines).</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>When used with <code>-M</code>, a totally-rewritten file is also considered as the
|
|
source of a rename (usually <code>-M</code> only considers a file that disappeared
|
|
as the source of a rename), and the number <em><n></em> controls this aspect of
|
|
the <code>-B</code> option (defaults to 50%). <code>-B20</code>% specifies that a change with
|
|
addition and deletion compared to 20% or more of the file’s size are
|
|
eligible for being picked up as a possible source of a rename to
|
|
another file.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>-M</code>[<em><n></em>]</dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--find-renames</code>[<code>=</code><em><n></em>]</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>If generating diffs, detect and report renames for each commit.
|
|
For following files across renames while traversing history, see
|
|
<code>--follow</code>.
|
|
If <em><n></em> is specified, it is a threshold on the similarity
|
|
index (i.e. amount of addition/deletions compared to the
|
|
file’s size). For example, <code>-M90</code>% means Git should consider a
|
|
delete/add pair to be a rename if more than 90% of the file
|
|
hasn’t changed. Without a % sign, the number is to be read as
|
|
a fraction, with a decimal point before it. I.e., <code>-M5</code> becomes
|
|
0.5, and is thus the same as <code>-M50</code>%. Similarly, <code>-M05</code> is
|
|
the same as <code>-M5</code>%. To limit detection to exact renames, use
|
|
<code>-M100</code>%. The default similarity index is 50%.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>-C</code>[<em><n></em>]</dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--find-copies</code>[<code>=</code><em><n></em>]</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Detect copies as well as renames. See also <code>--find-copies-harder</code>.
|
|
If <em><n></em> is specified, it has the same meaning as for <code>-M</code><em><n></em>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--find-copies-harder</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>For performance reasons, by default, <code>-C</code> option finds copies only
|
|
if the original file of the copy was modified in the same
|
|
changeset. This flag makes the command
|
|
inspect unmodified files as candidates for the source of
|
|
copy. This is a very expensive operation for large
|
|
projects, so use it with caution. Giving more than one
|
|
<code>-C</code> option has the same effect.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>-D</code></dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--irreversible-delete</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Omit the preimage for deletes, i.e. print only the header but not
|
|
the diff between the preimage and <code>/dev/null</code>. The resulting patch
|
|
is not meant to be applied with <code>patch</code> or <code>git</code> <code>apply</code>; this is
|
|
solely for people who want to just concentrate on reviewing the
|
|
text after the change. In addition, the output obviously lacks
|
|
enough information to apply such a patch in reverse, even manually,
|
|
hence the name of the option.</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>When used together with <code>-B</code>, omit also the preimage in the deletion part
|
|
of a delete/create pair.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>-l</code><em><num></em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>The <code>-M</code> and <code>-C</code> options involve some preliminary steps that
|
|
can detect subsets of renames/copies cheaply, followed by an
|
|
exhaustive fallback portion that compares all remaining
|
|
unpaired destinations to all relevant sources. (For renames,
|
|
only remaining unpaired sources are relevant; for copies, all
|
|
original sources are relevant.) For N sources and
|
|
destinations, this exhaustive check is O(N^2). This option
|
|
prevents the exhaustive portion of rename/copy detection from
|
|
running if the number of source/destination files involved
|
|
exceeds the specified number. Defaults to <code>diff.renameLimit</code>.
|
|
Note that a value of 0 is treated as unlimited.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--diff-filter=</code>[(<code>A</code>|<code>C</code>|<code>D</code>|<code>M</code>|<code>R</code>|<code>T</code>|<code>U</code>|<code>X</code>|<code>B</code>)<code>...</code>[*]]</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Select only files that are Added (<code>A</code>), Copied (<code>C</code>),
|
|
Deleted (<code>D</code>), Modified (<code>M</code>), Renamed (<code>R</code>), have their
|
|
type (i.e. regular file, symlink, submodule, …​) changed (<code>T</code>),
|
|
are Unmerged (<code>U</code>), are
|
|
Unknown (<code>X</code>), or have had their pairing Broken (<code>B</code>).
|
|
Any combination of the filter characters (including none) can be used.
|
|
When * (All-or-none) is added to the combination, all
|
|
paths are selected if there is any file that matches
|
|
other criteria in the comparison; if there is no file
|
|
that matches other criteria, nothing is selected.</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Also, these upper-case letters can be downcased to exclude. E.g.
|
|
<code>--diff-filter=ad</code> excludes added and deleted paths.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Note that not all diffs can feature all types. For instance, copied and
|
|
renamed entries cannot appear if detection for those types is disabled.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>-S</code><em><string></em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Look for differences that change the number of occurrences of
|
|
the specified <em><string></em> (i.e. addition/deletion) in a file.
|
|
Intended for the scripter’s use.</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>It is useful when you’re looking for an exact block of code (like a
|
|
struct), and want to know the history of that block since it first
|
|
came into being: use the feature iteratively to feed the interesting
|
|
block in the preimage back into <code>-S</code>, and keep going until you get the
|
|
very first version of the block.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Binary files are searched as well.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>-G</code><em><regex></em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Look for differences whose patch text contains added/removed
|
|
lines that match <em><regex></em>.</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>To illustrate the difference between <code>-S</code><em><regex></em> <code>--pickaxe-regex</code> and
|
|
<code>-G</code><em><regex></em>, consider a commit with the following diff in the same
|
|
file:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre>+ return frotz(nitfol, two->ptr, 1, 0);
|
|
...
|
|
- hit = frotz(nitfol, mf2.ptr, 1, 0);</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>While <code>git</code> <code>log</code> <code>-G</code>"frotz\(<code>nitfol</code>" will show this commit, <code>git</code> <code>log</code>
|
|
<code>-S</code>"frotz\(<code>nitfol</code>" <code>--pickaxe-regex</code> will not (because the number of
|
|
occurrences of that string did not change).</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Unless <code>--text</code> is supplied patches of binary files without a textconv
|
|
filter will be ignored.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>See the <em>pickaxe</em> entry in <a href="gitdiffcore.html">gitdiffcore(7)</a> for more
|
|
information.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--find-object=</code><em><object-id></em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Look for differences that change the number of occurrences of
|
|
the specified object. Similar to <code>-S</code>, just the argument is different
|
|
in that it doesn’t search for a specific string but for a specific
|
|
object id.</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>The object can be a blob or a submodule commit. It implies the <code>-t</code> option in
|
|
<code>git-log</code> to also find trees.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--pickaxe-all</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>When <code>-S</code> or <code>-G</code> finds a change, show all the changes in that
|
|
changeset, not just the files that contain the change
|
|
in <em><string></em>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--pickaxe-regex</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Treat the <em><string></em> given to <code>-S</code> as an extended POSIX regular
|
|
expression to match.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>-O</code><em><orderfile></em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Control the order in which files appear in the output.
|
|
This overrides the <code>diff.orderFile</code> configuration variable
|
|
(see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>). To cancel <code>diff.orderFile</code>,
|
|
use <code>-O/dev/null</code>.</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>The output order is determined by the order of glob patterns in
|
|
<em><orderfile></em>.
|
|
All files with pathnames that match the first pattern are output
|
|
first, all files with pathnames that match the second pattern (but not
|
|
the first) are output next, and so on.
|
|
All files with pathnames that do not match any pattern are output
|
|
last, as if there was an implicit match-all pattern at the end of the
|
|
file.
|
|
If multiple pathnames have the same rank (they match the same pattern
|
|
but no earlier patterns), their output order relative to each other is
|
|
the normal order.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p><em><orderfile></em> is parsed as follows:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="openblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<div class="ulist">
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Blank lines are ignored, so they can be used as separators for
|
|
readability.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Lines starting with a hash ("#") are ignored, so they can be used
|
|
for comments. Add a backslash ("\") to the beginning of the
|
|
pattern if it starts with a hash.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Each other line contains a single pattern.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Patterns have the same syntax and semantics as patterns used for
|
|
<code>fnmatch</code>(3) without the <code>FNM_PATHNAME</code> flag, except a pathname also
|
|
matches a pattern if removing any number of the final pathname
|
|
components matches the pattern. For example, the pattern "<code>foo</code>*bar"
|
|
matches "<code>fooasdfbar</code>" and "<code>foo/bar/baz/asdf</code>" but not "<code>foobarx</code>".</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--skip-to=</code><em><file></em></dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--rotate-to=</code><em><file></em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Discard the files before the named <em><file></em> from the output
|
|
(i.e. <em>skip to</em>), or move them to the end of the output
|
|
(i.e. <em>rotate to</em>). These options were invented primarily for the use
|
|
of the <code>git</code> <code>difftool</code> command, and may not be very useful
|
|
otherwise.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>-R</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Swap two inputs; that is, show differences from index or
|
|
on-disk file to tree contents.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--relative</code>[<code>=</code><em><path></em>]</dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--no-relative</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>When run from a subdirectory of the project, it can be
|
|
told to exclude changes outside the directory and show
|
|
pathnames relative to it with this option. When you are
|
|
not in a subdirectory (e.g. in a bare repository), you
|
|
can name which subdirectory to make the output relative
|
|
to by giving a <em><path></em> as an argument.
|
|
<code>--no-relative</code> can be used to countermand both <code>diff.relative</code> config
|
|
option and previous <code>--relative</code>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>-a</code></dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--text</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Treat all files as text.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--ignore-cr-at-eol</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Ignore carriage-return at the end of line when doing a comparison.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--ignore-space-at-eol</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Ignore changes in whitespace at EOL.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>-b</code></dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--ignore-space-change</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Ignore changes in amount of whitespace. This ignores whitespace
|
|
at line end, and considers all other sequences of one or
|
|
more whitespace characters to be equivalent.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>-w</code></dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--ignore-all-space</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Ignore whitespace when comparing lines. This ignores
|
|
differences even if one line has whitespace where the other
|
|
line has none.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--ignore-blank-lines</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Ignore changes whose lines are all blank.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>-I</code><em><regex></em></dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--ignore-matching-lines=</code><em><regex></em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Ignore changes whose all lines match <em><regex></em>. This option may
|
|
be specified more than once.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--inter-hunk-context=</code><em><number></em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Show the context between diff hunks, up to the specified <em><number></em>
|
|
of lines, thereby fusing hunks that are close to each other.
|
|
Defaults to <code>diff.interHunkContext</code> or 0 if the config option
|
|
is unset.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>-W</code></dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--function-context</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Show whole function as context lines for each change.
|
|
The function names are determined in the same way as
|
|
<code>git</code> <code>diff</code> works out patch hunk headers (see "Defining a
|
|
custom hunk-header" in <a href="gitattributes.html">gitattributes(5)</a>).</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--ext-diff</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Allow an external diff helper to be executed. If you set an
|
|
external diff driver with <a href="gitattributes.html">gitattributes(5)</a>, you need
|
|
to use this option with <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a> and friends.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--no-ext-diff</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Disallow external diff drivers.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--textconv</code></dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--no-textconv</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Allow (or disallow) external text conversion filters to be run
|
|
when comparing binary files. See <a href="gitattributes.html">gitattributes(5)</a> for
|
|
details. Because textconv filters are typically a one-way
|
|
conversion, the resulting diff is suitable for human
|
|
consumption, but cannot be applied. For this reason, textconv
|
|
filters are enabled by default only for <a href="git-diff.html">git-diff(1)</a> and
|
|
<a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a>, but not for <a href="git-format-patch.html">git-format-patch(1)</a> or
|
|
diff plumbing commands.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--ignore-submodules</code>[<code>=</code>(<code>none</code>|<code>untracked</code>|<code>dirty</code>|<code>all</code>)]</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Ignore changes to submodules in the diff generation. <code>all</code> is the default.
|
|
Using <code>none</code> will consider the submodule modified when it either contains
|
|
untracked or modified files or its <code>HEAD</code> differs from the commit recorded
|
|
in the superproject and can be used to override any settings of the
|
|
<code>ignore</code> option in <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> or <a href="gitmodules.html">gitmodules(5)</a>. When
|
|
<code>untracked</code> is used submodules are not considered dirty when they only
|
|
contain untracked content (but they are still scanned for modified
|
|
content). Using <code>dirty</code> ignores all changes to the work tree of submodules,
|
|
only changes to the commits stored in the superproject are shown (this was
|
|
the behavior until 1.7.0). Using <code>all</code> hides all changes to submodules.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--src-prefix=</code><em><prefix></em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Show the given source <em><prefix></em> instead of "a/".</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--dst-prefix=</code><em><prefix></em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Show the given destination <em><prefix></em> instead of "b/".</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--no-prefix</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Do not show any source or destination prefix.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--default-prefix</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Use the default source and destination prefixes ("a/" and "b/").
|
|
This overrides configuration variables such as <code>diff.noprefix</code>,
|
|
<code>diff.srcPrefix</code>, <code>diff.dstPrefix</code>, and <code>diff.mnemonicPrefix</code>
|
|
(see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>).</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--line-prefix=</code><em><prefix></em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Prepend an additional <em><prefix></em> to every line of output.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>--ita-invisible-in-index</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>By default entries added by <code>git</code> <code>add</code> <code>-N</code> appear as an existing
|
|
empty file in <code>git</code> <code>diff</code> and a new file in <code>git</code> <code>diff</code> <code>--cached</code>.
|
|
This option makes the entry appear as a new file in <code>git</code> <code>diff</code>
|
|
and non-existent in <code>git</code> <code>diff</code> <code>--cached</code>. This option could be
|
|
reverted with <code>--ita-visible-in-index</code>. Both options are
|
|
experimental and could be removed in future.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>For more detailed explanation on these common options, see also
|
|
<a href="gitdiffcore.html">gitdiffcore(7)</a>.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sect1">
|
|
<h2 id="generate_patch_text_with_p">Generating patch text with -p</h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Running
|
|
<a href="git-diff.html">git-diff(1)</a>,
|
|
<a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a>,
|
|
<a href="git-show.html">git-show(1)</a>,
|
|
<a href="git-diff-index.html">git-diff-index(1)</a>,
|
|
<a href="git-diff-tree.html">git-diff-tree(1)</a>, or
|
|
<a href="git-diff-files.html">git-diff-files(1)</a>
|
|
with the <code>-p</code> option produces patch text.
|
|
You can customize the creation of patch text via the
|
|
<code>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</code> and the <code>GIT_DIFF_OPTS</code> environment variables
|
|
(see <a href="git.html">git(1)</a>), and the <code>diff</code> attribute (see <a href="gitattributes.html">gitattributes(5)</a>).</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>What the <code>-p</code> option produces is slightly different from the traditional
|
|
diff format:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="olist arabic">
|
|
<ol class="arabic">
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>It is preceded by a "git diff" header that looks like this:</p>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre>diff --git a/file1 b/file2</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>The <code>a/</code> and <code>b/</code> filenames are the same unless rename/copy is
|
|
involved. Especially, even for a creation or a deletion,
|
|
<code>/dev/null</code> is <em>not</em> used in place of the <code>a/</code> or <code>b/</code> filenames.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>When a rename/copy is involved, <code>file1</code> and <code>file2</code> show the
|
|
name of the source file of the rename/copy and the name of
|
|
the file that the rename/copy produces, respectively.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>It is followed by one or more extended header lines:</p>
|
|
<div class="verseblock">
|
|
<pre class="content"><code>old</code> <code>mode</code> <em><mode></em>
|
|
<code>new</code> <code>mode</code> <em><mode></em>
|
|
<code>deleted</code> <code>file</code> <code>mode</code> <em><mode></em>
|
|
<code>new</code> <code>file</code> <code>mode</code> <em><mode></em>
|
|
<code>copy</code> <code>from</code> <em><path></em>
|
|
<code>copy</code> <code>to</code> <em><path></em>
|
|
<code>rename</code> <code>from</code> <em><path></em>
|
|
<code>rename</code> <code>to</code> <em><path></em>
|
|
<code>similarity</code> <code>index</code> <em><number></em>
|
|
<code>dissimilarity</code> <code>index</code> <em><number></em>
|
|
<code>index</code> <em><hash></em>`..`<em><hash></em> <em><mode></em></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>File modes <em><mode></em> are printed as 6-digit octal numbers including the file type
|
|
and file permission bits.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Path names in extended headers do not include the <code>a/</code> and <code>b/</code> prefixes.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>The similarity index is the percentage of unchanged lines, and
|
|
the dissimilarity index is the percentage of changed lines. It
|
|
is a rounded down integer, followed by a percent sign. The
|
|
similarity index value of 100% is thus reserved for two equal
|
|
files, while 100% dissimilarity means that no line from the old
|
|
file made it into the new one.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>The index line includes the blob object names before and after the change.
|
|
The <em><mode></em> is included if the file mode does not change; otherwise,
|
|
separate lines indicate the old and the new mode.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Pathnames with "unusual" characters are quoted as explained for
|
|
the configuration variable <code>core.quotePath</code> (see
|
|
<a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>).</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>All the <code>file1</code> files in the output refer to files before the
|
|
commit, and all the <code>file2</code> files refer to files after the commit.
|
|
It is incorrect to apply each change to each file sequentially. For
|
|
example, this patch will swap a and b:</p>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre>diff --git a/a b/b
|
|
rename from a
|
|
rename to b
|
|
diff --git a/b b/a
|
|
rename from b
|
|
rename to a</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Hunk headers mention the name of the function to which the hunk
|
|
applies. See "Defining a custom hunk-header" in
|
|
<a href="gitattributes.html">gitattributes(5)</a> for details of how to tailor this to
|
|
specific languages.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sect1">
|
|
<h2 id="_combined_diff_format">Combined diff format</h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Any diff-generating command can take the <code>-c</code> or <code>--cc</code> option to
|
|
produce a <em>combined diff</em> when showing a merge. This is the default
|
|
format when showing merges with <a href="git-diff.html">git-diff(1)</a> or
|
|
<a href="git-show.html">git-show(1)</a>. Note also that you can give suitable
|
|
<code>--diff-merges</code> option to any of these commands to force generation of
|
|
diffs in a specific format.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>A "combined diff" format looks like this:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre>diff --combined describe.c
|
|
index fabadb8,cc95eb0..4866510
|
|
--- a/describe.c
|
|
+++ b/describe.c
|
|
@@@ -98,20 -98,12 +98,20 @@@
|
|
return (a_date > b_date) ? -1 : (a_date == b_date) ? 0 : 1;
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
- static void describe(char *arg)
|
|
-static void describe(struct commit *cmit, int last_one)
|
|
++static void describe(char *arg, int last_one)
|
|
{
|
|
+ unsigned char sha1[20];
|
|
+ struct commit *cmit;
|
|
struct commit_list *list;
|
|
static int initialized = 0;
|
|
struct commit_name *n;
|
|
|
|
+ if (get_sha1(arg, sha1) < 0)
|
|
+ usage(describe_usage);
|
|
+ cmit = lookup_commit_reference(sha1);
|
|
+ if (!cmit)
|
|
+ usage(describe_usage);
|
|
+
|
|
if (!initialized) {
|
|
initialized = 1;
|
|
for_each_ref(get_name);</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="olist arabic">
|
|
<ol class="arabic">
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>It is preceded by a "git diff" header, that looks like
|
|
this (when the <code>-c</code> option is used):</p>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre>diff --combined file</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>or like this (when the <code>--cc</code> option is used):</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre>diff --cc file</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>It is followed by one or more extended header lines
|
|
(this example shows a merge with two parents):</p>
|
|
<div class="verseblock">
|
|
<pre class="content"><code>index</code> <em><hash></em><code>,</code><em><hash></em>`..<code>__</code><em><hash></em><code>__</code>
|
|
{empty}`mode <em><mode></em><code>,</code><em><mode></em>``..``<em><mode></em>
|
|
<code>new</code> <code>file</code> <code>mode</code> <em><mode></em>
|
|
<code>deleted</code> <code>file</code> <code>mode</code> <em><mode></em><code>,</code><em><mode></em></pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>The <code>mode</code> <em><mode></em><code>,</code><em><mode></em><code>..</code><em><mode></em> line appears only if at least one of
|
|
the <mode> is different from the rest. Extended headers with
|
|
information about detected content movement (renames and
|
|
copying detection) are designed to work with the diff of two
|
|
<em><tree-ish></em> and are not used by combined diff format.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>It is followed by a two-line from-file/to-file header:</p>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre>--- a/file
|
|
+++ b/file</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Similar to the two-line header for the traditional <em>unified</em> diff
|
|
format, <code>/dev/null</code> is used to signal created or deleted
|
|
files.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>However, if the --combined-all-paths option is provided, instead of a
|
|
two-line from-file/to-file, you get an N+1 line from-file/to-file header,
|
|
where N is the number of parents in the merge commit:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre>--- a/file
|
|
--- a/file
|
|
--- a/file
|
|
+++ b/file</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>This extended format can be useful if rename or copy detection is
|
|
active, to allow you to see the original name of the file in different
|
|
parents.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Chunk header format is modified to prevent people from
|
|
accidentally feeding it to <code>patch</code> <code>-p1</code>. Combined diff format
|
|
was created for review of merge commit changes, and was not
|
|
meant to be applied. The change is similar to the change in the
|
|
extended <em>index</em> header:</p>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre>@@@ <from-file-range> <from-file-range> <to-file-range> @@@</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>There are (number of parents + 1) <code>@</code> characters in the chunk
|
|
header for combined diff format.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Unlike the traditional <em>unified</em> diff format, which shows two
|
|
files A and B with a single column that has <code>-</code> (minus — appears in A but removed in B), <code>+</code> (plus — missing in A but
|
|
added to B), or " " (space — unchanged) prefix, this format
|
|
compares two or more files file1, file2,…​ with one file X, and
|
|
shows how X differs from each of fileN. One column for each of
|
|
fileN is prepended to the output line to note how X’s line is
|
|
different from it.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>A <code>-</code> character in the column N means that the line appears in
|
|
fileN but it does not appear in the result. A <code>+</code> character
|
|
in the column N means that the line appears in the result,
|
|
and fileN does not have that line (in other words, the line was
|
|
added, from the point of view of that parent).</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>In the above example output, the function signature was changed
|
|
from both files (hence two <code>-</code> removals from both file1 and
|
|
file2, plus <code>++</code> to mean one line that was added does not appear
|
|
in either file1 or file2). Also, eight other lines are the same
|
|
from file1 but do not appear in file2 (hence prefixed with <code>+</code>).</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>When shown by <code>git</code> <code>diff-tree</code> <code>-c</code>, it compares the parents of a
|
|
merge commit with the merge result (i.e. file1..fileN are the
|
|
parents). When shown by <code>git</code> <code>diff-files</code> <code>-c</code>, it compares the
|
|
two unresolved merge parents with the working tree file
|
|
(i.e. file1 is stage 2 aka "our version", file2 is stage 3 aka
|
|
"their version").</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sect1">
|
|
<h2 id="_examples">EXAMPLES</h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<div class="dlist">
|
|
<dl>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>git</code> <code>log</code> <code>--no-merges</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Show the whole commit history, but skip any merges</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>git</code> <code>log</code> <code>v2.6.12</code><code>..</code> <code>include/scsi</code> <code>drivers/scsi</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Show all commits since version <em>v2.6.12</em> that changed any file
|
|
in the <code>include/scsi</code> or <code>drivers/scsi</code> subdirectories</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>git</code> <code>log</code> <code>--since=</code>"2 <code>weeks</code> <code>ago</code>" <code>--</code> <code>gitk</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Show the changes during the last two weeks to the file <em>gitk</em>.
|
|
The <code>--</code> is necessary to avoid confusion with the <strong>branch</strong> named
|
|
<em>gitk</em></p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>git</code> <code>log</code> <code>--name-status</code> <code>release</code><code>..</code><code>test</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Show the commits that are in the "test" branch but not yet
|
|
in the "release" branch, along with the list of paths
|
|
each commit modifies.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>git</code> <code>log</code> <code>--follow</code> <code>builtin/rev-list.c</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Shows the commits that changed <code>builtin/rev-list.c</code>, including
|
|
those commits that occurred before the file was given its
|
|
present name.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>git</code> <code>log</code> <code>--branches</code> <code>--not</code> <code>--remotes=origin</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Shows all commits that are in any of local branches but not in
|
|
any of remote-tracking branches for <em>origin</em> (what you have that
|
|
origin doesn’t).</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>git</code> <code>log</code> <code>master</code> <code>--not</code> <code>--remotes=</code>*/master</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Shows all commits that are in local master but not in any remote
|
|
repository master branches.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>git</code> <code>log</code> <code>-p</code> <code>-m</code> <code>--first-parent</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Shows the history including change diffs, but only from the
|
|
“main branch” perspective, skipping commits that come from merged
|
|
branches, and showing full diffs of changes introduced by the merges.
|
|
This makes sense only when following a strict policy of merging all
|
|
topic branches when staying on a single integration branch.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>git</code> <code>log</code> <code>-L</code> '/int <code>main/</code>',/^}/:main.<code>c</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Shows how the function <code>main</code>() in the file <code>main.c</code> evolved
|
|
over time.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>git</code> <code>log</code> <code>-3</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Limits the number of commits to show to 3.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sect1">
|
|
<h2 id="_discussion">DISCUSSION</h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Git is to some extent character encoding agnostic.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="ulist">
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>The contents of the blob objects are uninterpreted sequences
|
|
of bytes. There is no encoding translation at the core
|
|
level.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Path names are encoded in UTF-8 normalization form C. This
|
|
applies to tree objects, the index file, ref names, as well as
|
|
path names in command line arguments, environment variables
|
|
and config files (.<code>git/config</code> (see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>),
|
|
<a href="gitignore.html">gitignore(5)</a>, <a href="gitattributes.html">gitattributes(5)</a> and
|
|
<a href="gitmodules.html">gitmodules(5)</a>).</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Note that Git at the core level treats path names simply as
|
|
sequences of non-NUL bytes, there are no path name encoding
|
|
conversions (except on Mac and Windows). Therefore, using
|
|
non-ASCII path names will mostly work even on platforms and file
|
|
systems that use legacy extended ASCII encodings. However,
|
|
repositories created on such systems will not work properly on
|
|
UTF-8-based systems (e.g. Linux, Mac, Windows) and vice versa.
|
|
Additionally, many Git-based tools simply assume path names to
|
|
be UTF-8 and will fail to display other encodings correctly.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Commit log messages are typically encoded in UTF-8, but other
|
|
extended ASCII encodings are also supported. This includes
|
|
ISO-8859-x, CP125x and many others, but <em>not</em> UTF-16/32,
|
|
EBCDIC and CJK multi-byte encodings (GBK, Shift-JIS, Big5,
|
|
EUC-x, CP9xx etc.).</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Although we encourage that the commit log messages are encoded
|
|
in UTF-8, both the core and Git Porcelain are designed not to
|
|
force UTF-8 on projects. If all participants of a particular
|
|
project find it more convenient to use legacy encodings, Git
|
|
does not forbid it. However, there are a few things to keep in
|
|
mind.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="olist arabic">
|
|
<ol class="arabic">
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><code>git</code> <code>commit</code> and <code>git</code> <code>commit-tree</code> issue
|
|
a warning if the commit log message given to it does not look
|
|
like a valid UTF-8 string, unless you explicitly say your
|
|
project uses a legacy encoding. The way to say this is to
|
|
have <code>i18n.commitEncoding</code> in .<code>git/config</code> file, like this:</p>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre>[i18n]
|
|
commitEncoding = ISO-8859-1</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Commit objects created with the above setting record the value
|
|
of <code>i18n.commitEncoding</code> in their <code>encoding</code> header. This is to
|
|
help other people who look at them later. Lack of this header
|
|
implies that the commit log message is encoded in UTF-8.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><code>git</code> <code>log</code>, <code>git</code> <code>show</code>, <code>git</code> <code>blame</code> and friends look at the
|
|
<code>encoding</code> header of a commit object, and try to re-code the
|
|
log message into UTF-8 unless otherwise specified. You can
|
|
specify the desired output encoding with
|
|
<code>i18n.logOutputEncoding</code> in .<code>git/config</code> file, like this:</p>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre>[i18n]
|
|
logOutputEncoding = ISO-8859-1</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>If you do not have this configuration variable, the value of
|
|
<code>i18n.commitEncoding</code> is used instead.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Note that we deliberately chose not to re-code the commit log
|
|
message when a commit is made to force UTF-8 at the commit
|
|
object level, because re-coding to UTF-8 is not necessarily a
|
|
reversible operation.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sect1">
|
|
<h2 id="_configuration">CONFIGURATION</h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>See <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> for core variables and <a href="git-diff.html">git-diff(1)</a>
|
|
for settings related to diff generation.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="dlist">
|
|
<dl>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">format.pretty</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Default for the <code>--format</code> option. (See <em>Pretty Formats</em> above.)
|
|
Defaults to <code>medium</code>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">i18n.logOutputEncoding</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Encoding to use when displaying logs. (See <em>Discussion</em> above.)
|
|
Defaults to the value of <code>i18n.commitEncoding</code> if set, and UTF-8
|
|
otherwise.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Everything above this line in this section isn’t included from the
|
|
<a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> documentation. The content that follows is the
|
|
same as what’s found there:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="dlist">
|
|
<dl>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">log.abbrevCommit</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>If true, makes <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a>, <a href="git-show.html">git-show(1)</a>, and
|
|
<a href="git-whatchanged.html">git-whatchanged(1)</a> assume <code>--abbrev-commit</code>. You may
|
|
override this option with <code>--no-abbrev-commit</code>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">log.date</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Set the default date-time mode for the <em>log</em> command.
|
|
Setting a value for log.date is similar to using <em>git log</em>'s
|
|
<code>--date</code> option. See <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a> for details.</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>If the format is set to "auto:foo" and the pager is in use, format
|
|
"foo" will be used for the date format. Otherwise, "default" will
|
|
be used.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">log.decorate</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Print out the ref names of any commits that are shown by the log
|
|
command. If <em>short</em> is specified, the ref name prefixes <em>refs/heads/</em>,
|
|
<em>refs/tags/</em> and <em>refs/remotes/</em> will not be printed. If <em>full</em> is
|
|
specified, the full ref name (including prefix) will be printed.
|
|
If <em>auto</em> is specified, then if the output is going to a terminal,
|
|
the ref names are shown as if <em>short</em> were given, otherwise no ref
|
|
names are shown. This is the same as the <code>--decorate</code> option
|
|
of the <code>git</code> <code>log</code>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">log.initialDecorationSet</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>By default, <code>git</code> <code>log</code> only shows decorations for certain known ref
|
|
namespaces. If <em>all</em> is specified, then show all refs as
|
|
decorations.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">log.excludeDecoration</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Exclude the specified patterns from the log decorations. This is
|
|
similar to the <code>--decorate-refs-exclude</code> command-line option, but
|
|
the config option can be overridden by the <code>--decorate-refs</code>
|
|
option.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">log.diffMerges</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Set diff format to be used when <code>--diff-merges=on</code> is
|
|
specified, see <code>--diff-merges</code> in <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a> for
|
|
details. Defaults to <code>separate</code>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">log.follow</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>If <code>true</code>, <code>git</code> <code>log</code> will act as if the <code>--follow</code> option was used when
|
|
a single <path> is given. This has the same limitations as <code>--follow</code>,
|
|
i.e. it cannot be used to follow multiple files and does not work well
|
|
on non-linear history.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">log.graphColors</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>A list of colors, separated by commas, that can be used to draw
|
|
history lines in <code>git</code> <code>log</code> <code>--graph</code>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">log.showRoot</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>If true, the initial commit will be shown as a big creation event.
|
|
This is equivalent to a diff against an empty tree.
|
|
Tools like <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a> or <a href="git-whatchanged.html">git-whatchanged(1)</a>, which
|
|
normally hide the root commit will now show it. True by default.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">log.showSignature</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>If true, makes <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a>, <a href="git-show.html">git-show(1)</a>, and
|
|
<a href="git-whatchanged.html">git-whatchanged(1)</a> assume <code>--show-signature</code>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">log.mailmap</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>If true, makes <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a>, <a href="git-show.html">git-show(1)</a>, and
|
|
<a href="git-whatchanged.html">git-whatchanged(1)</a> assume <code>--use-mailmap</code>, otherwise
|
|
assume <code>--no-use-mailmap</code>. True by default.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>notes.mergeStrategy</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Which merge strategy to choose by default when resolving notes
|
|
conflicts. Must be one of <code>manual</code>, <code>ours</code>, <code>theirs</code>, <code>union</code>, or
|
|
<code>cat_sort_uniq</code>. Defaults to <code>manual</code>. See the "NOTES MERGE STRATEGIES"
|
|
section of <a href="git-notes.html">git-notes(1)</a> for more information on each strategy.</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>This setting can be overridden by passing the <code>--strategy</code> option to
|
|
<a href="git-notes.html">git-notes(1)</a>.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>notes.</code><em><name></em><code>.mergeStrategy</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Which merge strategy to choose when doing a notes merge into
|
|
<code>refs/notes/</code><em><name></em>. This overrides the more general
|
|
<code>notes.mergeStrategy</code>. See the "NOTES MERGE STRATEGIES" section in
|
|
<a href="git-notes.html">git-notes(1)</a> for more information on the available strategies.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>notes.displayRef</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Which ref (or refs, if a glob or specified more than once), in
|
|
addition to the default set by <code>core.notesRef</code> or
|
|
<code>GIT_NOTES_REF</code>, to read notes from when showing commit
|
|
messages with the <code>git</code> <code>log</code> family of commands.</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>This setting can be overridden with the <code>GIT_NOTES_DISPLAY_REF</code>
|
|
environment variable, which must be a colon separated list of refs or
|
|
globs.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>A warning will be issued for refs that do not exist,
|
|
but a glob that does not match any refs is silently ignored.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>This setting can be disabled by the <code>--no-notes</code> option to the <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a>
|
|
family of commands, or by the <code>--notes=</code><em><ref></em> option accepted by
|
|
those commands.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>The effective value of <code>core.notesRef</code> (possibly overridden by
|
|
<code>GIT_NOTES_REF</code>) is also implicitly added to the list of refs to be
|
|
displayed.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>notes.rewrite.</code><em><command></em></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>When rewriting commits with <em><command></em> (currently <code>amend</code> or
|
|
<code>rebase</code>), if this variable is <code>false</code>, git will not copy
|
|
notes from the original to the rewritten commit. Defaults to
|
|
<code>true</code>. See also <code>notes.rewriteRef</code> below.</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>This setting can be overridden with the <code>GIT_NOTES_REWRITE_REF</code>
|
|
environment variable, which must be a colon separated list of refs or
|
|
globs.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>notes.rewriteMode</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>When copying notes during a rewrite (see the
|
|
<code>notes.rewrite.</code><em><command></em> option), determines what to do if
|
|
the target commit already has a note. Must be one of
|
|
<code>overwrite</code>, <code>concatenate</code>, <code>cat_sort_uniq</code>, or <code>ignore</code>.
|
|
Defaults to <code>concatenate</code>.</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>This setting can be overridden with the <code>GIT_NOTES_REWRITE_MODE</code>
|
|
environment variable.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>notes.rewriteRef</code></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>When copying notes during a rewrite, specifies the (fully
|
|
qualified) ref whose notes should be copied. May be a glob,
|
|
in which case notes in all matching refs will be copied. You
|
|
may also specify this configuration several times.</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Does not have a default value; you must configure this variable to
|
|
enable note rewriting. Set it to <code>refs/notes/commits</code> to enable
|
|
rewriting for the default commit notes.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Can be overridden with the <code>GIT_NOTES_REWRITE_REF</code> environment variable.
|
|
See <code>notes.rewrite.</code><em><command></em> above for a further description of its format.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sect1">
|
|
<h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div id="footer">
|
|
<div id="footer-text">
|
|
Last updated 2025-03-17 07:09:38 UTC
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